Space curve

Japanese: 空間曲線 - くうかんきょくせん(英語表記)space curve
Space curve
A space curve is a curve contained in ordinary space, i.e., three-dimensional Euclidean space. A Cartesian coordinate system O- xyz is defined within the space. A curve can be considered as the locus of a point P moving within this space, so if a fixed point is taken as the origin O and the position vector of any point on this locus is taken as x , then x can be considered as a function of the parameter t ( atb ) . Therefore, a space curve can be expressed as a function of the form x = x ( t ). If the components of vectors x and x ( t ) are expressed as ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) and ( x1 ( t ) , x2 ( t ), x3 ( t )), respectively, the curve can also be written as x1 = x1 ( t ), x2 = x2 (t ) , x3 = x3 ( t ) . The above representation of a curve is called a parametric representation of the curve. If we think of the curve as the locus of a moving point P, the parameter t can be considered to be the time, and x ( t ) or ( x1 ( t ), x2 ( t ), x3 ( t )) can be considered to be the position of point P at time t . If x = x ( t ) is a curve in a space with a defined coordinate system (sometimes called a number space), then x1 = x1(t), x2 = x2(t), and x3 = x3 ( t ) are all continuous functions , and in particular , if all of these have continuous derivatives, then the curve x = x ( t ) is said to be a smooth curve. In differential geometry, if the three functions x i = x i ( t ) ( i = 1, 2, 3) representing a curve C are all (1) single-valued functions that are continuous in the interval atb , (2) have r- th order continuous derivatives in the interval a < t < b , and (3) none of the derivatives are simultaneously 0 in the interval a < t < b , then the curve is called a curve of class r and is denoted by C r .

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
普通の空間すなわち3次元ユークリッド空間内に含まれる曲線のことである。空間内に直交座標系O- xyz を定める。曲線は,この空間内を点Pが動いたときの軌跡と考えられるから,定点を原点Oにとってこの軌跡の上の任意の点の位置ベクトルを x とすれば,x は媒介変数 t ( atb ) の関数と考えることができる。それゆえ空間曲線は,xx(t) という形の関数で表わすことができる。ここでベクトル x および x(t) の成分を,それぞれ,(x1x2x3) および (x1(t),x2(t),x3(t)) で表わせば,曲線は x1x1(t),x2x2(t),x3x3(t) と書くこともできる。以上のような曲線の表わし方を,曲線の媒介変数表示あるいはパラメータ表示という。曲線を運動する点Pの軌跡と考えれば,媒介変数 t は時刻,x(t) あるいは (x1(t),x2(t),x3(t)) はその時刻 t における点Pの位置とみなすことができる。 xx(t) を,座標系の定められた空間 (数空間ということがある) の曲線とすれば,x1x1(t),x2x2(t),x3x3(t) はすべて連続関数であるが,特にこれらすべてが連続導関数をもてば,この曲線 xx(t) はなめらかな曲線であるという。微分幾何学では,曲線 C を表わす3つの関数 xixi(t)(i=1,2,3) がいずれも,(1) 区間 atb において連続な一価関数であり,(2) 区間 atb において r 階の連続な導関数をもち,(3) 区間 atb においてそれらの導関数が同時には0にならないとき,この曲線を r 級の曲線といい,Cr で表わす。

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