Many galaxies observed in light have a spiral or elliptical structure. This region is where stars are relatively densely packed together and shine, and the area that extends outside of this is called the galactic halo (or simply the halo). Generally, celestial bodies distributed in the halo are too dark to observe, but in the case of giant elliptical galaxies, X-ray observations have revealed that high-temperature gas (the galactic corona) is distributed in a circular shape surrounding the main body. It has become clear that the rotation speed of a spiral galaxy is constant beyond a certain distance from the center of the galaxy, and that the halo contains matter several to 10 times the mass of the galaxy, which acts as a gravitational source necessary to confine the high-temperature gas. This matter is called dark matter. In the case of our galaxy, the Galactic halo surrounds a spiral disk of stars and interstellar material with a diameter of 100,000 light years and a thickness of 1,000 light years. Within the inner 150,000 light years of the halo, old stars with few heavy elements that were formed in the early stages of the formation of the galaxy and globular clusters that are groups of these stars are distributed, but their motion is independent of the rotational motion of the galaxy. It is not clear how far the invisible dark halo part outside the halo extends, but it is thought to be more than 300,000 light years in size, and the amount of dark matter contained therein is estimated to be nearly 10 times the mass of the visible galaxy. [Tahara Hiroto] "The Great Structure of the Universe and Galaxies" by Ikeuchi Ryo (1988, Maruzen)" ▽ "The Nebulae and Star Clusters of the Milky Way - Open Clusters, Globular Clusters, Planetary Nebulae, Diffuse Nebulae, Dark Nebulae" by Furuta Toshimasa (1989, Seibundo Shinkosha)" ▽ "Exploring the Universe with X-Rays" by Koyama Katsuji (1992, Baifu-kan)" ▽ "The Evolution of the Universe as Told by Galaxies" by Ie Masanori (1992, Baifu-kan)" ▽ "Galaxy and the Universe" 6th Edition by Ishida Keiichi (1995, Maruzen)" ▽ "The Universe, Galaxies, and Stars" by Okumura Sachiko, Kuroda Takehiko, Takahara Mariko, and Morimoto Masaki (1996, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "The Genesis of the Universe - The Big Bang, Fluctuations, and Dark Matter" by Joseph Silk, translated by Ebisu Shunichi (1996, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin) ▽ "The Universe as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope" by Shigemi Numazawa and Nanayo Wakiya (1997, Seibundo Shinkosha) [References] | | | | | | | |NGC3923 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Hydra. It is a peculiar galaxy with a structure in which the galactic halo is stacked in layers. Photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope ©ESA/Hubble&NASA "> Shell galaxy Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
光で観測される銀河の多くは、渦巻や楕円(だえん)の構造をもっている。この領域は星が比較的密に集まって輝いている領域であるが、その外側に広がった領域を銀河ハロー(または単にハロー)とよぶ。一般的にはハローに分布する天体は暗くて観測ができないが、巨大楕円銀河の場合、X線観測から、本体を丸く取り囲むように高温のガス(銀河コロナ)が分布していることがわかった。 渦巻銀河(渦状銀河)の回転速度が銀河中心からある距離以上のところでは一定になっていることや、高温ガスを閉じ込めておくのに必要な重力源として、ハロー部分には銀河の質量の数倍から10倍を超える物質が存在していることが明らかになった。この物質は暗黒物質(ダークマター)とよばれる。 われわれの属する銀河系の場合は、直径10万光年、厚さ1000光年の星と星間物質で構成される渦巻円盤部を銀河ハローが球状に取り囲んでいる。ハローの内側15万光年のサイズの中には、銀河系形成の初期にできた、重元素の少ない年とった星やその集団である球状星団が分布しているが、その運動は銀河系の回転運動とは独立している。ハローの外側にある不可視な暗黒ハロー部がどこまで広がっているかはっきりしていないが、おそらくそのサイズは30万光年を超えるとみられ、その中に含まれる暗黒物質の量は、見えている銀河系の質量の10倍近くに達すると推定される。 [田原博人] 『池内了著『宇宙の大構造と銀河』(1988・丸善)』▽『古田俊正著『銀河系の星雲・星団――散開星団・球状星団・惑星状星雲・散光星雲・暗黒星雲』(1989・誠文堂新光社)』▽『小山勝二著『X線で探る宇宙』(1992・培風館)』▽『家正則著『銀河が語る宇宙の進化』(1992・培風館)』▽『石田蕙一著『銀河と宇宙』第6版(1995・丸善)』▽『奥村幸子・黒田武彦・高原まり子・森本雅樹著『宇宙・銀河・星』(1996・東海大学出版会)』▽『ジョセフ・シルク著、戎俊一訳『宇宙創世記――ビッグバン・ゆらぎ・暗黒物質』(1996・東京化学同人)』▽『沼沢茂美・脇屋奈々代著『HSTハッブル宇宙望遠鏡がとらえた宇宙』(1997・誠文堂新光社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |うみへび座にある楕円銀河。NGC3923。銀河ハローが何層にも積み重なった構造をもつ特異銀河である。ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡により撮影©ESA/Hubble&NASA"> シェル状銀河 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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