It is a branch of biology that deals with fungi, but the question is what exactly constitutes "fungi." First of all, for those that produce the easily visible mushrooms, research has been conducted since ancient times into their morphological classification. When the invention of the microscope led to the discovery of minute molds, they were thought to be of the same kind, since both molds and mushrooms have hyphae as their bodies. Furthermore, slime molds such as Dictyostelium purpurea were also included in the mold category, even though they do not have hyphae. Thus, mycology became the taxonomy of molds and mushrooms, which has long been considered a part of plant taxonomy. Bacteria, which are single-celled organisms smaller than mold, have developed into bacteriology in the fields of medicine and agriculture, each with its own purpose, and became pathogenic bacteriology and soil bacteriology. Bacteria have few morphological characteristics, and have developed separately from mycology, into research on pathogenicity, physiology, genetics, and even molecular biology. In school education, bacteria and fungi have been taught separately, but these two are the two major groups of organisms that make up the kingdom of fungi, the former being prokaryotic fungi and the latter eukaryotic fungi. Mycology deals with fungi that make up the kingdom of fungi, and is on a par with botany and zoology. The branches of mycology include bacteriology, taxonomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and ecology. In the case of science that deals with fungi, it is often called microbiology instead of mycology, but strictly speaking, microorganisms are not synonymous with fungi. [Hironori Terakawa] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
菌類を対象とする生物学の一部門であるが、「菌類」の内容が問題となる。まず目につきやすいキノコを生ずるものについては、もっとも古くから形態的に分類する研究が行われてきた。顕微鏡が発明されて微小なカビ仲間が知られるようになると、カビもキノコも体が菌糸であるところから、これらは同類であると考えられた。さらにムラサキホコリカビのような変形菌類も、菌糸をもたないがカビの仲間入りをした。こうして菌学はカビ・キノコの分類学となったが、これは、長く植物分類学の一部とされてきた。 カビよりも微小な単細胞体である細菌類に関しては、医学、農学関係においてそれぞれの目的に沿った細菌学として発達し、病原細菌学、土壌細菌学などとなった。細菌類は形態的特徴が乏しく、病原性、生理学的あるいは遺伝学的、さらに分子生物学的な研究へと、菌学とは別個の発展をした背景のもとで、学校教育においても細菌類と菌類とは区別して教えられてきたが、この二つは菌界を構成する二大生物群で、前者は原核菌類、後者は真核菌類である。菌学は、菌界を構成する菌類を対象とし、植物学、動物学と並ぶものである。菌学の分科には、細菌学、分類学、生理学、生化学、遺伝学、生態学などがある。菌類を対象とする学問の場合、菌類○○学を用いず、微生物○○学という場合が多いが、厳密にいえば微生物は菌類の代名詞ではない。 [寺川博典] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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