Hyangri (English spelling)

Japanese: 郷吏 - きょうり（英語表記）hyangri

A subordinate official to local officials in the Joseon, Goryeo, and Joseon Dynasty (Yi Dynasty). Also called yazen or saise. A lower-ranking official subordinate to a local official, their status was above that of the peasants, and they were local influential people who were landowners and self-employed farmers in the region. They were in a position to directly control the local residents, such as collecting taxes and labor and deciding small lawsuits. Because they were given great authority over the local residents, in the Goryeo period, high-ranking central officials were sometimes appointed as saiseikan (political examiners) in their hometowns to supervise them. In addition, the system of such people was used to prevent the expansion of their power by gathering the children of village officials to the capital as hostages and placing restrictions on village officials from becoming bureaucrats, but from the mid-Joseon Dynasty onwards, many of them took control of local administrative affairs, sought personal gain, and committed fraud.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

朝鮮，高麗，朝鮮王朝 (李朝) 時代の地方官の補助官吏。一名衙前，査吏。地方官に隷属する下級吏員で，その身分は農民の上にあり，在地の有力者でその地方の地主・自営農階層である。彼らは租税や力役を徴収し，小さな訴訟を裁決するなど，地方住民を直接支配する立場にあった。彼らは地方の住民に対する大きな権限を与えられていたので，高麗時代には彼らを監督するため，中央の高官を出身地の事審官に任命したこともあった。また其人の制度によって郷吏の子弟を人質として都に集めたり，郷吏が官僚になれないような制限をつけて，彼らの勢力が拡大しないようにはかったが，朝鮮王朝中期以後，地方の行政実務を掌握し，私利を求め，不正を行う者が多くなった。

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