Opportunity cost

Japanese: 機会費用 - きかいひよう(英語表記)opportunity cost
Opportunity cost

Costs incurred due to missed opportunities by doing something. Also called opportunity loss. Producing a certain product by inputting a certain amount of production factors means giving up the production of other products that could have been produced if one had wanted to produce them. In this case, the largest missed opportunity among the products can be considered the production cost of the product that was actually produced. In this way, the cost that originates from the missed opportunity that is sacrificed in order to do something is called opportunity cost. For example, if a company manager invests 1 million yen of his own money to expect a profit of 60,000 yen per year, he is sacrificing the interest that would have been earned if he had lent it to a financial institution such as a bank or to another company. Therefore, the profits from the investment must exceed the interest that would have been earned from the loan if the investment had not been made. In other words, if the interest that could have been earned from the loan is more than 60,000 yen per year, it is more advantageous to lend to an outside party than to invest in the company. Here, the "(maximum) interest that could have been obtained by making a loan" is the opportunity cost, which greatly influences whether or not to make an investment (investment decision). If we take the opportunity cost approach, the wage for housework by housewives would not be zero. This is because housewives staying at home means sacrificing the opportunity to earn wage income that they would have if they had a job. From this perspective, housewives' housework services should also be calculated into national income. Furthermore, the idea of ​​opportunity cost is also incorporated as an important analytical tool in economic theory. For example, it is also incorporated in the idea of ​​indifference curves in consumer theory. Suppose a consumer is considering purchasing two products in any given quantity within a budget. However, if the consumer wishes to increase only one product A by one unit from the original quantity, the consumer will have to give up some of the other product B compared to the original quantity. In this case, the increased satisfaction from increasing product A by one unit is offset by the opportunity cost from decreasing the quantity of product B from the original quantity, so that the utility level is the same, although the combined quantities after the fact are different. Therefore, if there is another person who believes that the opportunity cost of commodity B is higher, the amount of commodity B that the first person will give up will be less than that of the first person. This idea is also seen in production possibility curves and isoquant curves in production theory, and utility transformation curves and social welfare functions in welfare economics.

[Toshiyuki Uchijima and Takuo Maeda March 18, 2016]

[Reference] | Housework | Indifference curves

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

あることを行ったことで見過ごした機会に発生した費用。機会損失ともいう。一定量の生産要素を投入してある生産物を生産することは、もし生産しようと思えばできたであろう他の生産物の生産を断念することを意味する。この場合、生産の機会が見過ごされた生産物のうちで最大のものを、実際に生産された生産物の生産費用と考えることができる。このように、あることをするために犠牲にし、見過ごした機会に源をもつ費用のことを機会費用という。たとえば、ある企業の経営者が年当り6万円の収益を得ることが期待できる投資を自己資金100万円で行う場合には、もしそれを銀行などの金融機関や他企業に貸し付けたならば得られたであろう利子を犠牲にしていることになる。したがって、当該投資から得られる収益は、もし当該投資を行わなければ、貸付等を行うことで得られたであろう利子を上回っていなければならない。つまり、貸付等を行うことで得られたであろう利子(の最高額)が年当り6万円以上であれば、自社に投資するより、外部に貸し付けたほうが有利ということになる。ここで「貸付等を行うことで得られたであろう利子(の最高額)」が機会費用であり、投資を行うか否か(投資判断)に大いに影響を与えることになる。また、機会費用的な考え方をとると、主婦の家事労働に対する賃金はゼロではないであろう。なぜなら、主婦が家庭にとどまることは、もし職業をもったならば得られたであろう賃金所得稼得の機会を犠牲にすることを意味するからである。このような観点からすると、主婦の家事労働サービスも国民所得に計算されるべきことになる。さらに機会費用の考え方は、経済理論の分析道具のなかでも重要なものとして取り入れられている。たとえば、消費者理論における無差別曲線の考え方にも取り入れられている。消費者が予算枠のなかで二つの商品をそれぞれ任意のある数量だけ購入しようと考えていたとする。しかしここで、一方の商品Aだけを当初の数量よりも1単位だけ増やしたい場合、他方の商品Bは当初考えていた数量に比べていくらかあきらめる必要が生じることになる。このとき、商品Aを1単位増やしたことによって増加した満足度は、商品Bを当初の数量よりも減少させたことによる機会費用に相殺されることで、事後の組み合わせ数量は異なるものの、効用水準は同じになる。したがって、商品Bの機会費用がもっと大きいと考えている別の人が存在すれば、あきらめる商品Bの数量は最初の人よりも少なくなるはずである。このような考え方は生産理論における生産可能性曲線や等産出量曲線、厚生経済学における効用変換曲線や社会的厚生関数などにもみられる。

[内島敏之・前田拓生 2016年3月18日]

[参照項目] | 家事労働 | 無差別曲線

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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