Spherical coordinates

Japanese: 球座標 - きゅうざひょう(英語表記)spherical coordinates
Spherical coordinates
Also called spherical coordinates, or polar coordinates in three-dimensional space. In the Cartesian coordinate system O- xyz , for any point P in space, draw a perpendicular line PQ from P to the xy plane, and let OP = r (0≦ r <∞), ∠ z OP = θ (0≦θ≦π), and the position of the point is determined by these . This ordered set of three numbers is called the spherical coordinates of point P. The following relationship exists between and P's Cartesian coordinates ( x , y , z ): z = r cos θ This is called spherical coordinates because all points P with a constant r are on a sphere of radius r centered at the origin. This is a method of measuring θ from the north pole z , as in the celestial sphere, which is the more common method, but when θ is measured from the equator, as in the latitude of the Earth, θ becomes a complementary angle, and sin θ and cos θ are switched in the above formula.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
球面座標,または3次元空間の極座標ともいう。直交座標系O- xyz において,空間における任意の点Pに対し,このPから xy 平面に垂線 PQを引き,OP=r(0≦r<∞), ∠zOP=θ(0≦θ≦π), とおけば,これらの によって点の位置が定まる。この順序のついた3つの数の組 を点Pの球座標という。 とPの直交座標 (xyz) との間には,次の関係がある。 zr cos θ これを球座標というのは,r が一定である点Pは,すべて原点を中心とする半径 r の球面上にあるからである。これは,天球のように θ を北極 z からはかる方法で,こちらのほうが普通であるが,地球の緯度のように,θ を赤道からはかるときには,θ は余角となり,上の式で sin θ と cos θ が入替る。

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