Inversion layer - Gyakutenso

Japanese: 逆転層 - ぎゃくてんそう
Inversion layer - Gyakutenso

An air layer where temperatures, which normally get lower the higher you go, rise in the opposite direction. In the atmosphere, temperatures usually decrease the higher you go. It is said that this value is 0.6 to 1.0 degrees Celsius per 100 meters. However, when warm air flows over cold air, that is, when a front occurs or a subsidence air current occurs, or when radiative cooling occurs near the ground, a temperature inversion phenomenon occurs and the air becomes warmer the higher it goes. The air layer where this inversion occurs is an inversion layer. Therefore, there are two types of inversion layers: upper inversion layers and ground inversion layers.

In an inversion layer at the surface, the air layer is statically stable, so in cities and other areas, smoke and soot tend to sink below this layer, causing smog. In the case of an inversion layer in the sky, the air layer is stable, but the air layer below is unstable, making it easier for pollutants to diffuse. Furthermore, if there is an inversion layer above, it becomes more difficult for pollutants to diffuse above it, so this inversion layer is called a lid. If the lid is low, the concentration of pollution in the mixing layer below will be high. Also, the way in which smoke diffuses varies depending on the presence of the inversion layer and the height of the chimney.

When this inversion layer dissipates, a phenomenon called fumigation occurs, which can cause a temporary increase in contamination levels on the ground.

[Eiji Uchida]

[Reference] | Smog
Measurement examples of ground inversion and upper layer inversion
©Shogakukan ">

Measurement examples of ground inversion and upper layer inversion


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

普通、上空へ行くほど低くなっていく気温が、逆に上昇していく気層。大気中では、気温は普通、上空であればあるほど減少する。その値は100メートルにつき0.6~1.0℃といわれている。しかし、暖かい空気が冷たい空気の上に流れ込んできたとき、すなわち、前線が生じたときや沈降性の気流が生じたときなど、あるいは地面付近で放射冷却が生じたときには、気温の逆転現象がおこり、空気は上空に行くほど温度が上昇する。このときの逆転が生じている気層が逆転層である。したがって逆転層には、上空の逆転層および接地逆転層の2種類がある。

 接地逆転層の中では気層が静力学的に安定しているため、都会などではこの層の下部に煙や煤煙(ばいえん)などが沈滞してスモッグが発生しやすい。上空の逆転層の場合も、この中では気層は安定であるが、その下方の気層は不安定のため、汚染物質などは拡散しやすく、また、上方に逆転層があると、それより上空への汚染物質などの拡散はしにくくなるので、この逆転層をリッドlid(蓋(ふた))という。リッドが低い場合には、その下の混合層内の汚染濃度は高くなる。また逆転層の存在の仕方と煙突高度によって、煙の拡散する形はさまざまに変化する。

 この逆転層が解消するときにフューミゲーションfumigation(いぶし現象)という現象がおこり、地上の汚染濃度が一時的に増大することがある。

[内田英治]

[参照項目] | スモッグ
接地逆転と上層逆転の測定例
©Shogakukan">

接地逆転と上層逆転の測定例


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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