When a voltage is applied between metal electrodes, an electric discharge occurs between the electrodes. The electrodes are worn down by the electric discharge. Using this principle, the Lazarenkos of the Soviet Union succeeded in cutting metal in 1943. This is called electrical discharge machining, or EDM in English. Electric discharge machining is usually performed in kerosene oil or deionized water to prevent changes in the material due to heating. The voltage between the electrodes is 20 volts per micrometer, and it is possible to cut according to the shape of the electrodes. Wire-cut electrical discharge machines have also been made, which use thin metal wires as electrodes and can cut into any shape like a jigsaw. These electrical discharge machines are useful for cutting difficult-to-cut materials such as cemented carbide, and are one of the most important machine tools today. Electric discharges are also used to sinter powders, and pressure generated by electric discharges is used to perform deformation processing. [Motofumi Homma] Micro-electrical discharge machining technology has also been developed, which enables machining on the order of several tens of micrometers. [Editorial Department] ©Shogakukan "> Discharge between metal electrodes ©Shogakukan "> Wire cut electrical discharge machining Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
金属電極間に電圧を加えると、電極間に放電がおこる。放電によって電極が消耗していく。この原理を用いて、ソ連のラザレンコ夫妻は、1943年に金属の切削に成功した。これを放電加工といい、欧文略号でEDMともいう。放電加工は通常、ケロシン油や脱イオン水中で行われ、加熱による材質の変化を防止している。電極間の電圧は1マイクロメートル当り20ボルトで、電極の形状のとおりに切削できるようになる。また電極に金属細線を用いて糸鋸(いとのこぎり)のように自由な形状に切削することができるワイヤーカット放電加工機もつくられている。これらの放電加工機は超硬合金のような難加工性材料の切削には有用であって、今日では重要な工作機の一つになっている。また、放電を利用して粉末の焼結、放電における圧力を利用した変形加工なども行われている。 [本間基文] 数十マイクロメートル単位の加工が可能となるマイクロ放電加工技術も開発されている。 [編集部] ©Shogakukan"> 金属電極間の放電 ©Shogakukan"> ワイヤーカット放電加工 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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