Kanno Disturbance

Japanese: 観応の擾乱 - かんのうのじょうらん

The term refers to the division of the central branch of the Muromachi Shogunate that occurred between 1349 (Shohei 4, Sadawa 5) and 1352 (Shohei 7, Bunwa 1), and the resulting nationwide turmoil. The Northern Court era name during this period was Kan'o (1350-52), hence the name.

[Kazuhiko Sato]

Cause

The fundamental cause of the unrest was the contradiction inherent in the division of shogunal authority between the brothers Ashikaga Takauji and Tadayoshi (a diarchy), and the radical actions of Takanori Moronao (Takauji's steward), who authorized the emerging group of samurai to use force to overthrow the old system, further exacerbated this contradiction.

[Kazuhiko Sato]

Progress

First Phase

When the Muromachi Shogunate forces faced off against the southern forces of Kawachi and Izumi in 1347 (Shohei 2, Sadawa 3), Naoyoshi's allies Hosokawa Akiuji and Yamana Tokiuji were defeated, but in January of the following year, Munechika's popularity rose as he defeated the southern forces of Kusunoki Masatsura and others and succeeded in capturing Yoshino. Naoyoshi, fearing the expansion of Munechika's power, demanded that Takauji dismiss Munechika from his position as steward in leap June of 1349. In response to this, in August, Munechika rallied his faction in Kyoto and surrounded Takauji's residence, where Tadayoshi had taken refuge. He demanded that Tadayoshi be dismissed from his government affairs (control of the Hyojo, Hikitsuke, Andogata, and Monchujo), and that Ashikaga Yoshiakira be brought to Kyoto from Kanto to handle government affairs in Tadayoshi's place, which he achieved. He also exiled Uesugi Shigeyoshi, Hatakeyama Naomune, and other supporters of Tadayoshi, and later killed them.

[Kazuhiko Sato]

Second Phase

In October 1350 (Shohei 5, Kan'o 1), Takauji, Moronao, and others went west to attack Tadafuyu, Tadayoshi's adopted son who was exerting his influence in the Chugoku and Kyushu regions. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Tadayoshi headed to Yamato, allied with the Southern Court through Kitabatake Chikafusa, and regained his power by adding Yamana Tokiuji, Shibata Takatsune, and others to his ranks. In January of the following year, he expelled Yoshiakira from Kyoto. In the Kanto region, Uesugi Noriaki, a supporter of Tadayoshi, attacked Taka Morofuyu at Kai Suzawa Castle (Nirasaki City, Yamanashi Prefecture) and forced him to commit suicide. Full-scale armed conflict between the factions of Takauji and Tadayoshi broke out throughout the Kinai region, and finally, in February, Takauji's faction was defeated in the Battle of Uchidehama in Settsu, and Moronao and Moroyasu were killed by Uesugi Yoshinori (the adopted son of Shigenobu).

[Kazuhiko Sato]

Third Phase

As a result of the victory at the Battle of Uchidehama, Naoyoshi was made the guardian of Yoshiakira's government affairs, but the internal strife did not subside and the conflict between the two factions continued. During this time, the peace agreement with the Southern Court was broken in May, and the Southern forces attempted to retake Kyoto, once again splitting the center of the shogunate. In July, Naoyoshi offered to relinquish his government affairs, and in August, fearing a pincer attack by Takauji and Yoshiakira, he led Shiba Takatsune and others and fled to the Hokuriku region, which was protected by his own faction's guardians, including Momoi Naotsune. In September, after being defeated in the Battle of Omi, Naoyoshi headed for Kanto, relying on Uesugi Noriaki, and entered Kamakura in November. Takauji made peace with the Southern Court in order to attack Kamakura, defeated Tadayoshi's forces in Suruga and Izu, occupied Kamakura in January 1352 (Shohei 7, Bunwa 1), and poisoned Tadayoshi in February, putting an end to the unrest.

[Kazuhiko Sato]

significance

The unrest caused by the division of the core of the Muromachi Shogunate led to the revival of the Southern Court, which had been weakening, and led to the division of the country into three parts, deepening and expanding the civil war. However, in the process of overcoming the unrest, the Kanrei system was created, which also led to the centralization of the Shogunate's political structure.

[Kazuhiko Sato]

"Sato Shinichi, 'The Government System at the Founding of the Muromachi Shogunate' (included in 'Law and the State in the Middle Ages' edited by Ishimoda Tadashi and Sato Shinichi, 1960, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Sato Shinichi, 'The Turmoil of the Northern and Southern Courts' (1965, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "Sato Kazuhiko, 'The Southern and Northern Courts Civil War' ('Japanese History 11', 1974, Shogakukan)" ▽ "Sato Kazuhiko, 'A History of the Southern and Northern Courts Civil War' (1979, University of Tokyo Press)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1349年（正平4・貞和5）から52年（正平7・文和1）にかけて起きた室町幕府中枢部の分裂と、それによって惹起(じゃっき)された全国的な争乱。この間の北朝年号が観応（1350～52）であったことから、この名がある。

［佐藤和彦］

原因

足利尊氏(あしかがたかうじ)・直義(ただよし)兄弟による将軍権限の分割政治（二頭政治）のもつ矛盾が、擾乱発生の根本原因であり、新興武士団が実力によって旧体制を打破していくことを承認した高師直(こうのもろなお)（尊氏執事(しつじ)）の急進的な行動が、この矛盾をいっそう拡大させた。

［佐藤和彦］

経過

第一段階

室町幕府軍が1347年（正平2・貞和3）に河内(かわち)・和泉(いずみ)の南軍と対決したとき、直義派の細川顕氏(ほそかわあきうじ)・山名時氏(やまなときうじ)らが敗退したのに反して、翌年正月楠木正行(くすのきまさつら)らの南軍を破り吉野の攻略に成功した師直の声望が高まった。直義は、師直の勢力伸張を恐れ、49年閏(うるう)6月、師直の執事職罷免を尊氏に強請した。これに抗して、8月、師直は自派を京都に結集し、直義が逃げ込んだ尊氏邸を包囲し、直義の政務（評定(ひょうじょう)、引付(ひきつけ)、安堵方(あんどがた)、問注所(もんちゅうじょ)の支配）の罷免、足利義詮(よしあきら)を関東から上洛(じょうらく)させ、直義にかわって政務につかせることを要求して実現し、直義派の上杉重能(うえすぎしげよし)、畠山直宗(はたけやまなおむね)らを流刑にし、のち殺害した。

［佐藤和彦］

第二段階

1350年（正平5・観応1）10月、尊氏・師直らは、直義の養子で中国・九州地方で威勢を振るう直冬(ただふゆ)を討つために西下した。この間隙(かんげき)を縫って、直義は大和(やまと)に向かい、北畠親房(きたばたけちかふさ)を介して南朝と結び、山名時氏、斯波高経(しばたかつね)らを傘下に加えて勢力を挽回(ばんかい)し、翌年正月、義詮を京都から追放した。関東においても、直義派の上杉憲顕(のりあき)は、高師冬(もろふゆ)を甲斐(かい)須沢(すさわ)城（山梨県韮崎(にらさき)市）に攻めて自刃させた。尊氏派と直義派との全面的な武力衝突が畿内(きない)各地において展開したが、ついに2月、摂津打出浜(うちでのはま)の合戦において尊氏派は敗れ、師直・師泰(もろやす)は上杉能憲(よしのり)（重能の養子）によって殺害された。

［佐藤和彦］

第三段階

打出浜の合戦の勝利の結果、直義は義詮の政務を後見することとなったものの、内訌(ないこう)は鎮静せず、両派の対立が続いていた。この間、5月には、南朝との和議が破れ、南軍は京都奪回を試み、幕府中枢はふたたび分裂するに至った。7月、直義は自ら政務の返上を申し入れ、尊氏・義詮による挟撃を恐れて、8月には、斯波高経らを率いて、桃井直常(もものいなおつね)ら自派の守護で固めた北陸へと逃亡した。9月、近江(おうみ)の合戦に敗れた直義は、上杉憲顕を頼って関東に向かい、11月には鎌倉へ入った。尊氏は、鎌倉を攻撃するために南朝と和睦(わぼく)し、駿河(するが)・伊豆で直義軍を破り、1352年（正平7・文和1）正月には鎌倉を占領し、2月直義を毒殺して擾乱に終止符を打った。

［佐藤和彦］

意義

室町幕府中枢部の分裂により惹起した擾乱は、弱体化しつつあった南朝勢力を復活させることとなり、天下三分の形成を生み、内乱を深化、拡大させることとなった。しかし、擾乱克服の過程において、管領(かんれい)制が生み出されたことにより、幕府の政治機構の一元化も進んでいった。

［佐藤和彦］

『佐藤進一著『室町幕府開創期の官制体系』（石母田正・佐藤進一編『中世の法と国家』所収・1960・東京大学出版会）』▽『佐藤進一著『南北朝の動乱』（1965・中央公論社）』▽『佐藤和彦著『南北朝内乱』（『日本の歴史11』1974・小学館）』▽『佐藤和彦著『南北朝内乱史論』（1979・東京大学出版会）』

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