Also called contemplation. From the ancient Greek verb theōrein, meaning "to look at," it refers to the viewing of things in the world as they are, the attitude or way of life that loves to do so, and the academic study that results from such an attitude, free from material interests. Aristotle divided human life into three types according to the three highest aims pursued (pleasure, honor, and contemplation), and called them the hedonistic life, the political life, and the contemplative life (Nicomachean Ethics I 5 ). The contemplative life is what philosophers aim for, and it is said to be a participation in the eternal and unchanging activity of God's reason that contemplates the necessary foundations of the world, to the extent permitted by humans. The distinction between the three types of life is sometimes said to have originated with Pythagoras, but it is sometimes questioned whether academic study was considered contemplation free from material interests in the ancient Pythagoreans. In the Middle Ages, this was applied to the ideal of Christian monastic life, in which one casts off worldly pleasures and material gains, turns one's eyes only to God, praises His works, and prays for the fulfillment of His will. This life was called the contemplative life. In this life, humans passively belong to God through the grace poured out by God, live in God, and contemplate God. [Nobuaki Kato] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
観照ともいう。「眺める」を意味する古代ギリシア語の動詞theōreinに由来し、世界の存在事物を、そのあるがままの姿で眺めること、また、そのように眺めることを愛好する態度や生き方、さらに、そのような態度から結果する、実利を離れた学問研究をいう。アリストテレスは人間の生き方を、追求される最高目的の3種(快楽、名誉、観想)に応じて3種に分かち、これらを享楽生活、政治生活、観想生活とよんだ(『ニコマコス倫理学』I5)。観想生活は哲学者が目ざすものであり、それは、世界の必然的な根拠を観想する神の理性の永遠不変な活動に、人間に許される範囲であずかるものであるとされた。3種の生活の別はピタゴラスに由来するとされることもあるが、古期ピタゴラス派において学問研究が実利を離れた観想とみなされていたかどうかは疑問とされることもある。 中世では、これはキリスト教の修道生活の理想に適用され、現世の快楽と実利を捨て、神にのみ目を向けて、神の業(わざ)を賛美し、神の意志の成就(じょうじゅ)をひたすら祈念する生活が観想生活とよばれた。そこで、人間は神から注がれる恩寵(おんちょう)によって受動的に神のものとされ、神のうちに生き、神を観(み)るものとなる。 [加藤信朗] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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