American War of Independence

Japanese: アメリカ独立戦争 - アメリカどくりつせんそう(英語表記)United States War of Independence
American War of Independence
The war in which the thirteen North American colonies rebelled against the mercantilist policies of Great Britain and achieved independence. It is also called the American Revolution. Britain had gradually strengthened its mercantilist policies towards the American colonies, but in order to restore its financial situation, which had deteriorated due to the Seven Years' War (1756-63), it adopted new and harsher colonial policies. These included the Royal Proclamation (63), the Currency Act (64), the Sugar Act (64), the Stamp Act (65), the Quartering Act (65), and the Townshend Acts. The colonists rebelled against these, boycotting British goods and repeatedly petitioning Parliament, but this led to the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770, and the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773. Britain enacted the Punitive Acts for the colonies, and the colonies formed the Continental Congress in 1874 to fight back against them. On April 19, 1875, the British army and the colonial militia clashed in Lexington and Concord, starting the War of Independence. At the Second Continental Congress held in May of the same year, there was a conflict between the patriots who advocated independence and the loyalists who wanted reconciliation with the British. As the war progressed and the publication of Common Sense by T. Paine was published, the power of the patriots increased, and on July 4, 1876, the Continental Congress published the Declaration of Independence, drafted by T. Jefferson. The American army struggled in the battle for independence, but after winning the Battle of Saratoga on October 17, 1877, France eventually formed an alliance with the United States, and Spain, the Netherlands, and other nations also took hostile actions against Britain, so the situation gradually became favorable for the army of independence. The British moved the battlefield to the South, where there were many Loyalists, but due to a joint operation between the United States and France, Commander Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown on October 19, 1881, effectively ending the war. A peace treaty with Britain was signed in Paris on September 3, 1883, which established the independence of the United States and determined that its territory should extend westward to the Mississippi River, southward to East and West Florida, and northward to the Great Lakes and the 45th parallel.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
北アメリカ十三植民地が,イギリス本国の重商主義政策に反抗して,独立を達成した戦争。アメリカ独立革命 American Revolutionともいう。イギリスはアメリカ植民地に対し,次第に重商主義政策を強めていたが,七年戦争 (1756~63) によって悪化した財政状態を建直すため,さらに新しくきびしい植民地政策をとった。国王宣言 (63) ,通貨法 (64) ,砂糖法 (64) ,印紙税法 (65) ,軍隊宿営法 (65) ,タウンゼンド諸法がこれである。植民地人はこれに反抗し,イギリス商品不買運動,本国議会への請願を繰返したが,1770年3月5日にはボストン虐殺事件,73年 12月 16日にはボストン茶会事件などが起った。イギリスは植民地懲罰諸法を定め,植民地側は 74年大陸会議を結成してこれに対抗し,75年4月 19日レキシントンとコンコードで本国軍と植民地民兵が衝突し,独立戦争が始った。同年5月開かれた第2回大陸会議では,独立を主張する愛国派,本国との和解を望むロイヤリスト (王党派) が対立したが,その後戦争の進展や T.ペインの『常識』の刊行もあって愛国派の勢力は増大し,大陸会議は 76年7月4日,T.ジェファーソンの起草になる独立宣言を公布した。アメリカ独立軍の戦いは苦しかったが,77年 10月 17日サラトガで勝利を収めると,フランスはやがて米仏同盟を結び,加えてスペイン,オランダなどもイギリスに敵対行動をとったので,状況は次第に独立軍に有利となった。イギリスは戦場をロイヤリストの多い南部に移して戦ったが,アメリカ,フランスの共同作戦のため,81年 10月 19日ヨークタウンで司令官 C.コーンウォリスが降伏し,戦争は事実上終了した。イギリスとの和平条約は 83年9月3日パリで調印され,アメリカの独立,その領土として西はミシシッピ川まで,南は東西フロリダまで,北は五大湖と北緯 45度までの地域が決定された。

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