This law states that an object will remain at rest or move at a uniform speed unless acted upon by an external force. It is one of Newton's laws of motion and is also known as the first law of motion. The property of an object that tries to maintain its current state of motion is called inertia. This law states that an object has inertia, but whether it has inertia or not depends on the position of the observer. Suppose there is a book on a desk and no force is being applied to it. A person sitting at the desk would see the book motionless and assume that it has inertia. However, a person who suddenly starts to move against the desk would not assume that the book has inertia when they see the book suddenly move in the opposite direction. Similarly, a person sitting in a swivel chair in front of the desk would not assume that the book has inertia because it appears and disappears as it orbits around them in the opposite direction. In other words, inertia is not an inherent and absolute property of an object, but a relative property that may or may not be possessed depending on the position of the observer. Newton's law of inertia does not state that objects have inertia, but that there can be a position (inertial frame) in which an object can be considered to have inertia, in other words, it states the criteria for choosing an inertial frame. The equations that determine the motion of a mass in an inertial frame are Newton's equations of motion. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
外から力が作用しなければ,物体は静止または等速度運動を続けるという法則。ニュートンの運動の法則の1つで,運動の第一法則ともいう。運動の現状をそのまま保持しようとする物体の性質を慣性という。この法則は物体が慣性をもつことを述べているが,慣性をもつかどうかは観測者の立場に関係している。机の上に本が置かれていて,何も力を加えないとする。机の前にすわっている人は,じっと動かない本を見て,本が慣性をもつ,と考えるであろう。しかし,机に対し急に動き出した人は,本が逆向きに急に動くのを見て,本が慣性をもつとは考えないであろう。また,机の前で回転椅子に腰かけて回っている人も,本は自分のまわりを逆向きに周回して見え隠れするから,本が慣性をもつとは考えないであろう。すなわち慣性は,物体がもつ固有の絶対的な性質ではなく,観測者の立場によって保有するとも保有しないともいえる相対的な性質である。したがって慣性の法則は,物体が慣性をもつということを述べているのではなく,物体が慣性をもつとみなせる立場 (慣性系) が存在しうること,言い換えれば,慣性系を選択する基準を述べている。慣性系において質点の運動を決める方程式が,ニュートンの運動方程式である。
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