General consumption tax - Ippanshohizei (English spelling) General consumption tax

Japanese: 一般消費税 - いっぱんしょうひぜい(英語表記)General consumption tax
General consumption tax - Ippanshohizei (English spelling) General consumption tax

In a broad sense, it is a type of indirect tax that taxes general consumer goods. The tax base of the general consumption tax is general consumption, but it is a commodity tax and is not a tax established with detailed consideration of the tax-paying capacity of individuals. It is important to note that it is different from a comprehensive consumption tax, an expenditure tax, which is a per capita tax that is levied on each taxpayer's total consumption amount (income amount - savings amount), such as personal income tax. To a certain extent, consideration is given to the tax-paying capacity indirectly by treating daily necessities as tax-exempt or applying a reduced tax rate, but other items are generally levied at a uniform proportional tax rate.

In Japan, the term "general consumption tax" refers to a tax that was attempted to be introduced under the Ohira Cabinet in 1978 (Showa 53) but was abandoned. In order to address the situation of a rapid increase in deficit bonds, the arrival of an aging society, income equalization, and the feeling of heavy taxation among salaried workers, a general consumption tax with a flat rate of 5% was proposed by the General Consumption Tax Special Committee of the Government Tax Commission, but was abandoned due to strong opposition from the public. Subsequently, the Takeshita Cabinet, which appealed for the need for a stable tax system with a good balance between income, consumption, and assets, passed the "Six Tax Reform Bills" in December 1988, which included the introduction of a consumption tax, and it came into effect in April 1989 (Heisei 1).

In terms of tax type, it is the same as a consumption-type value-added tax, and is levied on consumption (= NNP - investment amount), which is a narrower tax base than the net national product (NNP) excluding depreciation. The turnover tax, which can be said to be the predecessor of the European Union (EU) value-added tax, was levied on sales at each transaction stage, and had the disadvantage that the tax burden increased cumulatively with each transaction stage, with further taxes being levied on top of the tax. It is not necessary to levy taxes on general consumption in multiple stages, but like the EU-type value-added tax, the general consumption tax conceived in Japan also adopts a multi-stage taxation method, and the value of intermediate goods purchased from the previous stage is deducted and only the value added generated at each stage is used as the tax base, eliminating the drawback of a turnover tax that the tax increases cumulatively. It is called a "general consumption tax" because, despite the multi-stage taxation, the tax burden is passed on one after another, and is expected to be borne by consumers as part of the price, and because only the value added in the production of consumer goods is taxed by exempting production goods corresponding to productive consumption (investment). Retail taxes, which are levied at a single transaction stage, namely final consumption, are another form of general consumption tax, in which the total amount of value added generated at multiple transaction stages corresponds to the amount of final consumption.

The tax base of the general consumption tax is consumption, and it is levied at a fixed rate on general consumption, so it is a proportional tax and not a regressive tax on the tax base of consumption, but since the regressivity of taxes is often defined as the ratio of the tax amount to income, the general consumption tax is considered to be a regressive tax on income. One of the disadvantages of the general consumption tax is the regressive nature of the tax burden, so if the consumption tax rate is raised to around 20% in the future, like in EU countries, alleviating regressivity will be an important issue.

However, the regressive nature of the tax can be significantly mitigated by exempting necessities from taxation. There is also criticism that the tax will cause inflation when it is introduced, and it has been pointed out that the tax rate must be introduced after careful consideration of the economic situation.

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

[Reference items] | Consumption tax | Capital tax/product tax | Value-added tax

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には消費財一般を課税対象とする間接税の一種。一般消費税の課税標準は消費一般であるが、物税であり、個人の担税力をきめ細かく考慮して制定された税ではない。個人所得税のように各納税者について消費額(所得額-貯蓄額)を総合して課税される人税の総合消費税expenditure taxとは異なるから、注意を要する。生活必需品を免税扱いにしたり軽減税率を適用することにより、ある程度まで間接的に担税力への考慮は払われるが、それ以外は一律に比例税率で課されるのが一般的である。

 日本においていう一般消費税は、1978年(昭和53)大平内閣のもとで導入が計られ断念された税をさす。赤字国債の急増、高齢化社会の到来、所得の平準化とサラリーマンの重税感などの状況に対応するために、政府税制調査会の一般消費税特別部会において、5%の単一税率の一般消費税が提案されたが、世論の猛反対をうけ導入は断念された。その後、所得、消費、資産の間で均衡の取れた安定的な税制の必要性を訴えた竹下内閣によって、1988年12月に消費税の導入を含む「税制改革6法案」が成立し、1989年(平成1)4月から施行された。

 租税の類型においては消費型の付加価値税と同じであり、減価償却を除いた国民純生産(NNP)よりも狭い課税標準である消費(=NNP-投資額)に対して課税される。ヨーロッパ連合(EU)の付加価値税の前身ともいえる取引高税は、取引段階ごとに売上高に課税されたため、税にさらに税が課される形で取引段階の増加とともに税負担が累積的に増大するという欠点をもっていた。消費一般に対する税が多段階で課税せねばならないというわけではないが、EU型の付加価値税と同じく、日本で構想された一般消費税も多段階課税方式を採用しており、前段階から仕入れた中間財の価値は控除して各段階で生じた付加価値のみを課税標準とし、税が幾重にも累積的に増大していくという取引高税の欠点は除かれている。「一般消費税」とよばれるのは、多段階課税をするにもかかわらず、税負担は次々と前方に転嫁されて、結局は価格の一部として消費者が負担することが期待されていることと、生産的消費(投資)に対応する生産財を免税とすることにより、消費財生産における付加価値のみを課税対象としているからである。最終消費という単一の取引段階に課税する小売税も別の形態の一般消費税であり、多段階の取引段階で生ずる付加価値の合計額は最終消費額に一致する。

 一般消費税の課税標準は消費であり、消費一般に対して一定税率で課税されるから、課税標準の消費に対しては比例税であり逆進税ではないが、しばしば所得に対する税額の比率で税の逆進性を定義するから、一般消費税は所得に対しては逆進税であるとされる。一般消費税の短所の一つとして、税負担の逆進性があげられるから、将来消費税率がEU諸国なみに20%くらいにまで引き上げられることになった場合には、逆進性の緩和が重要な課題となる。

 しかし、逆進性は、生活必需品を課税対象から外すことにより、かなり緩和できる。また、導入時にインフレを引き起こすという批判もあり、経済状態をよく考えて導入する必要も指摘されている。

[林 正寿]

[参照項目] | 消費税 | 人税・物税 | 付加価値税

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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