Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) - Licorice

Japanese: カンゾウ(甘草) - かんぞう
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) - Licorice

A perennial plant of the legume family (APG classification: Fabaceae). Commonly referred to as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. The stem is erect and 30-80 cm tall, the rhizome is cylindrical with many underground runners, the taproot is long, the surface is reddish brown or dark brown, and the inside is pale yellow and sweet. The leaves are odd-pinnate compound, 8-24 cm long, and there are 5-17 leaflets, obovate or elliptical, with glandular hairs and white hairs on both sides. The axils bear spikes shorter than the leaves, and many pale purple flowers. There are 10 stamens with two stamens and one pistil. The fruit is a legume that does not dehisce, strongly curves into a sickle shape, and is densely covered with yellowish brown spiny glandular hairs. It grows in sunny, dry grasslands and sandy riverbanks in the north and west of the Yellow River in China, Mongolia, and Siberia. G. glabra L., which is very similar to G. glabra, is distributed from the Mediterranean region to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Its flowers are pale purple, but its flag petals are white or yellowish white, its legumes are oval or slightly curved, its surface is brown and shiny, and its leaflets are elliptical or narrowly elongated ovate. G. glabra L. var. glandulifera Regel et Herder is distinguished from G. glabra L. var. glandulifera Regel et Herder, which grows wild in Spain, southern France, northern Italy, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, as all plants have glandular hairs. The dried roots and runners of this plant are called licorice and are used medicinally.

[Motoo Nagasawa October 18, 2019]

Medicinal

It has been used in China, Egypt and Greece for respiratory catarrh and stomach pain since before the Common Era. It is the most commonly used drug in traditional Chinese medicine, and is effective in treating pain, convulsions and ulcers, so it is used for stomach pain, sore throat, coughs and stomach ulcers, as well as for glucuronic acid, a component of the saponin glycyrrhizin, which conjugates with toxic substances in the liver and excretes them from the body, so it is also used as an antidote. It is added as a sweetener when making beer, tobacco and soy sauce. As it does not grow in Japan, licorice is imported in large quantities not only in the form of a crude drug, but also in the form of licorice extract extracted with water.

[Motoo Nagasawa October 18, 2019]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マメ科(APG分類:マメ科)の多年草。一般にはウラルカンゾウGlycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.をさす。茎は直立し高さ30~80センチメートル、根茎は円柱状で地下に走出枝を多数伸ばし、主根は長く、表面は赤褐色ないし暗褐色、内部は淡黄色で甘い。葉は奇数羽状複葉で長さは8~24センチメートル、小葉は5~17枚で倒卵形ないし楕円(だえん)形、両面に腺毛(せんもう)と白毛がある。葉腋(ようえき)に葉より短い穂状花序をつけ、淡紫色の花を多数つける。雄しべは10本で二体雄蕊(ずい)をなし、雌しべは1本。果実は豆果(とうか)で裂開せず、鎌(かま)状に強く曲がり、黄褐色の刺状腺毛を密生する。中国の黄河以北および西部、モンゴル、シベリアの日当りのよい乾燥した草原や河岸の砂質土壌に生える。ウラルカンゾウによく似たスペインカンゾウG. glabra L.は地中海地域から中国の新疆(しんきょう)ウイグル自治区まで分布し、花は淡紫色であるが、旗弁が白色ないし黄白色で、豆果(とうか)は長円形またはやや湾曲し、表面は褐色で光沢があり、小葉は楕円形ないし狭長卵形である。スペイン、フランス南部、イタリア北部、バルカン、カフカスに野生するものは全株無毛であるが、ハンガリー、ウクライナ、中央アジア、シベリア南部、新疆に野生するものは全株に腺毛があるので、これをG. glabra L. var. glandulifera Regel et Herderとして区別する。これらの根と走出枝を乾燥したものを甘草と称し薬用にする。

[長沢元夫 2019年10月18日]

薬用

紀元前から中国、エジプト、ギリシアで呼吸器カタルや腹痛などに用いた。漢方ではもっとも多く使用される薬物で、疼痛(とうつう)、痙攣(けいれん)、潰瘍(かいよう)を治す作用があるので、腹痛、咽喉(いんこう)痛、咳(せき)、胃潰瘍などに用いるほか、サポニンのグリシリジンの構成部分であるグルクロン酸は、肝臓で有毒物質を抱合してそれを体外に排出させるので解毒剤としても用いる。ビール、たばこ、しょうゆの製造の際、甘味料として加える。日本には生育しないので、生薬(しょうやく)の形だけでなく、水で抽出して製した甘草エキスも多量に輸入している。

[長沢元夫 2019年10月18日]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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