A method of smelting metals by high-temperature heating. Smelting using the melting method is common, but there are also distillation and reduction methods using hydrogen or base metals. (1) There are many types of furnaces used for smelting, including blast furnaces, converters, reverberatory furnaces, electric furnaces, and open hearths. Large-scale iron smelting is a typical example of smelting using blast furnaces, converters, electric furnaces, and open hearths. Smelting of lead, copper, cobalt, and nickel also use blast furnaces and converters. (2) The distillation method is applied to the smelting of metals that dissociate easily at high temperatures, and is used to produce mercury and zinc. (3) The hydrogen reduction method reduces oxides refined in a pretreatment process in a high-temperature hydrogen atmosphere; examples of this are tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, and germanium. (4) The carbon reduction method uses high-purity carbon such as charcoal instead of hydrogen as in (3), and is used to produce bismuth and chromium. The direct ironmaking process of Lupé and sponge iron also belongs to this system. (5) The base metal reduction process uses solid metals such as aluminum, ferrosilicon, magnesium, and calcium as reducing agents. Examples of the process include the thermite process and the Chlor process. It is used to produce chromium, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, uranium, and magnesium. (→ Hydrometallurgy ) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
高温加熱による金属製錬法。溶融法を用いる溶錬が一般的であるが,蒸留法,水素や卑金属による還元法もある。 (1) 溶錬に用いる炉には,溶鉱炉 (高炉) ,転炉,反射炉,電気炉,平炉など種類が多い。大規模な鉄製錬は,高炉と転炉,電気炉,平炉による溶錬の代表例である。鉛,銅,コバルト,ニッケルの製錬にも溶鉱炉,転炉が使われる。 (2) 蒸留法は高温で解離しやすい金属の製錬に応用され,水銀,亜鉛の製造に用いられる。 (3) 水素還元法は前処理で精製した酸化物を高温の水素雰囲気で還元するもので,タングステン,モリブデン,コバルト,ゲルマニウムがその例。 (4) 炭素還元法は (3) の水素の代りに木炭などの高純度炭素を使う方法で,ビスマス,クロムの製造に用いられ,直接製鉄法のルッペ,海綿鉄の製造もこの系統に属する。 (5) 卑金属還元法はアルミニウム,フェロシリコン,マグネシウム,カルシウムなどの固体金属を還元剤に使う方法で,テルミット法,クロル法などがある。クロム,モリブデン,チタン,ジルコニウム,ウラン,マグネシウムの製造に応用されている。 (→湿式製錬 )
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