Lactic acid

Japanese: 乳酸 - にゅうさん(英語表記)lactic acid
Lactic acid

It is an α-hydroxy acid, also known as oxypropionic acid. Its molecular weight is 90.08. It was named after the Swedish chemist Scheele, who discovered it in rancid milk in 1780. It is one of the simplest compounds that has an asymmetric carbon atom and optical isomers, and it is widely found in the animal and plant kingdoms.

L-lactic acid is the final product of glycolysis, produced by the reduction of pyruvate, a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. It is a columnar crystal. Its melting point is 53°C. It has a specific rotation of (+) 2.6 degrees and is hygroscopic. It is present in small amounts as a normal component in the blood even at rest, but during exercise it is produced in large amounts from glycogen in the muscles, increasing its concentration in the blood. D-lactic acid is a thick plate-like crystal. Its melting point is 52.8°C and its specific rotation is (-) 2.6 degrees. DL-lactic acid (a racemic mixture of D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid) has a melting point of 16.8°C and shows no optical rotation.

There are two manufacturing methods: fermentation and synthesis. In the fermentation method, lactic acid is produced by fermenting carbohydrates with lactic acid bacteria, and is called fermented lactic acid. Depending on the type of lactic acid bacteria, D- or L-lactic acid, or a racemic mixture, is produced. In the synthesis method, it is obtained via lactic acid nitrile and lactic acid methyl ester from aldehyde and cyanic acid. It is designated as a food additive and is used as a compounding agent for synthetic alcohol, as an acidulant for soft drinks, drops, jellies, ice cream, etc., and in sake brewing to prevent the growth of bacteria in the early stages of fermentation. It is widely used in lactic acid drinks and has been used widely in foods for the longest time. It is also used in medicines, etc.

[Michiko Iijima]

[References] | Glycogen | Optical activity | Scheele | Lactic acid fermentation | Pyruvate
Chemical formula of lactic acid
©Shogakukan ">

Chemical formula of lactic acid


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

α(アルファ)-オキシ酸の一つで、オキシプロピオン酸ともいう。分子量90.08。1780年スウェーデンの化学者シェーレによって酸敗した牛乳から発見されたので、この名がつけられた。不斉炭素原子をもち、光学異性体があるもののうち、もっとも簡単な化合物の一つで、動植物界に広く存在する。

 L-乳酸は解糖の最終産物としてピルビン酸の還元によって生ずるが、乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼがこの反応を触媒する。柱状晶。融点53℃。比旋光度(+)2.6度で、吸湿性。休息時にも血液中に正常成分として少量存在するが、運動時には筋肉中のグリコーゲンから大量に生じ、血液中の濃度が増加する。D-乳酸は厚い板状晶。融点は52.8℃で、比旋光度(-)2.6度である。DL-乳酸(ラセミ体で、D-乳酸とL-乳酸の混合物)は融点16.8℃で、旋光性は示さない。

 製法には発酵法と合成法とがある。発酵法では、糖質を原料として乳酸菌による乳酸発酵により生成され、これは発酵乳酸とよばれる。乳酸菌の種類によってD-またはL-乳酸、あるいはラセミ体が生成される。合成法では、アルデヒドとシアン酸より乳酸ニトリル、乳酸メチルエステルを経て得られる。用途としては、食品添加物に指定されており、合成酒の配合剤、清涼飲料水、ドロップ、ゼリー、アイスクリームなどの酸味剤、清酒醸造用として発酵初期に雑菌の生育防止などに用いられる。乳酸飲料には広く用いられ、食品にもっとも古くから広く使用されている。このほか、医薬品などにも用いられる。

[飯島道子]

[参照項目] | グリコーゲン | 光学活性 | シェーレ | 乳酸発酵 | ピルビン酸
乳酸の化学式
©Shogakukan">

乳酸の化学式


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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