Practice - Kankou (English spelling) practice

Japanese: 慣行 - かんこう(英語表記)practice
Practice - Kankou (English spelling) practice

In everyday language, it means all customary behavior in a broad sense, and in a narrow sense, it means regular tasks or events in life that are traditionally observed by people in a certain society. Although it is not necessarily a definitive academic term, it generally refers to both customs and mores (rules) among social norms, focusing on the fact that they are special behavioral patterns that contain value principles. In this case, the specialness means that they are performed on specific occasions for a certain purpose in life within the regular course of life in a certain area or group. For example, for individuals and families, there are customs such as coming-of-age customs, marriage customs, and funeral customs that are rites of passage, or annual events and festivals such as the Lunar New Year customs, seasonal festival customs, and horseback archery customs. For local groups, there are important occasions in productive activities such as marriage customs, membership customs, and opening customs. For social groups and organizations, there are business activities that are characteristic of the existence of the organization, such as trade customs, labor-management customs, and employee entertainment customs. These consistently reflect the communality of each society, and if we emphasize this point, they have a nature that can be called public, and may even be accompanied by sanctions (social punishment). Some of these are no longer simply mores but belong to the broader sense of law, and are often called legal customs, legal practices, customary law, etc. In the broadest sense, customs include these laws.

[Masashi Chiba]

[Reference] | Customs | Mores

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日常用語では、広義に、慣習的な行動のすべてをいい、また狭義には、一定社会の人々に伝統的に守られている生活上の規則的な作業あるいは行事を意味する。学問的用語としてはかならずしも確定しているとはいえないが、だいたいにおいて、社会規範のうち慣習とモーレス(習律)の双方を、価値原理を内在させた特殊な行動様式である点に着目して総称するものである。この場合の特殊性とは、一定の地域や集団における恒常的な生活過程のなかで、一定の生活目的のために特定の機会に行われることである。たとえば、個人や家庭についていえば、成人慣行、婚姻慣行、葬送慣行など人の通過儀礼に属するもの、あるいは旧正月慣行、節供慣行、流鏑馬(やぶさめ)慣行など年中行事や祭りとしてのものがあり、また地域集団ならば結(ゆい)慣行、入会(いりあい)慣行、口明け慣行など生産活動上の重要な機会における作業、さらに社会的諸団体、諸組織ならば取引慣行、労使慣行、社員慰安慣行などその組織の存立に特徴的な事業活動などが、これに含まれる。それらには一貫して各社会の共同性が反映されており、その点を強調すると公共性といえる性質もあり、サンクション(社会的制裁)を伴う場合もある。それらのうちには、もはや単なるモーレスにはとどまらず広義の法に属するものもあり、しばしば法習俗、法慣行、慣行法などとよばれることがある。慣行は最広義ではこれらの法までを含む。

[千葉正士]

[参照項目] | 慣習 | モーレス

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