Environmental variation

Japanese: 環境変異 - かんきょうへんい(英語表記)environmental variation
Environmental variation

A biological term that refers to the variation in the expressed characteristics (phenotype) of an organism that has the same genotype due to the various environmental conditions in which it is placed.

An example of how individuals with the same genotype can have dramatically different traits due to differences in their environment can be seen in the traits of female honeybees. Both queen and worker bees are female and have the same genotype, but their morphology differs greatly due to differences in the food they eat when developing from larvae. In humans, too, the height and weight of school children in Japan increased significantly after World War II, and this is also thought to be due to changes in food during the developmental period.

Another example of how environmental changes can have a major impact on the manifestation of traits is the fact that it is known that the organs in which cancer develops in humans change greatly depending on differences in eating habits. Since ancient times, stomach cancer has been common among Japanese people, and rectal cancer is relatively rare. In contrast, white Americans have had few cases of stomach cancer and many cases of colon cancer. However, Japanese people who immigrate to America have fewer cases of stomach cancer and more cases of colon cancer. This is probably due to changes in eating habits, and this trend is even more pronounced among second-generation Japanese immigrants to America.

[Kuroda Yukiaki]

"How does the environment affect heredity?" by Yataro Tajima (1981, Diamond Inc.) " ▽ "Environment and Life" edited by Hiroshi Tokiwa (2000, Aoyamasha)""Natural History of Alpine Plants - Ecology of Flower Gardens" edited by Takeshi Kudo (2000, Hokkaido University Press)

[Reference] | Genotype | Environmental mutagen | Trait | Phenotype | Mutation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物学用語。生物の置かれた種々の環境条件によって、遺伝子型が同じでもその発現する形質(表現型)に変異を生じたものをいう。

 同じ遺伝子型の個体が、環境の違いによってその形質が大きく変化する例が、ミツバチの雌の形質にみられる。ミツバチの女王バチと働きバチはともに雌で、遺伝子型も同じであるが、幼虫から発育する際の餌(えさ)の違いによって、その形態は大きく異なる。ヒトにおいても、日本では第二次世界大戦後、学童の身長、体重が著しく増大したが、これも発育期における食物の変化によると考えられている。

 そのほか、環境の変化によって、形質の発現が大きく影響を受ける例としては、ヒトにおける癌(がん)の発生臓器が食習慣の違いによって大きく変化することも知られている。昔から日本人には胃癌が多く、直腸癌は比較的少ない。これに対して、アメリカの白人は、胃癌が少なく、大腸癌が多い。ところがアメリカに移住した日本人は、胃癌が少なくなり、逆に大腸癌が増加する。これはおそらく食習慣が変化したためで、アメリカに移民した日系二世になると、さらにこの傾向は著しい。

[黒田行昭]

『田島弥太郎著『環境は遺伝にどう影響するか』(1981・ダイヤモンド社)』『常盤寛編著『環境と生命』(2000・青山社)』『工藤岳編著『高山植物の自然史――お花畑の生態学』(2000・北海道大学図書刊行会)』

[参照項目] | 遺伝子型 | 環境変異原 | 形質 | 表現型 | 変異

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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