Bohannan, P.

...The market is a place where the exchange ratio is determined by supply and demand, but the principle of exchange has become so prevalent that not only things but also land and labor have become commodified and traded, and the market system as a place for determining prices has come to determine society or the economy in modern Western societies. Paul Bohannan and George Dalton, who conducted anthropological research on cities in African societies, distinguished between the market place, which is a specific place for buying and selling transactions, and the principle of market exchange, in which prices are determined by supply and demand, and pointed out that cases in which the principle of market exchange operates can be found outside of modern societies. Based on the role of the market as a place and the principle of market exchange, they classified societies into the following three types. (1) Societies lacking markets There is no market as a place, and if the principle of market exchange operates, it only appears between individuals. ...

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Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…市は，交換の比率が需要と供給によって決定される場であるが，交換原理が卓越して，ものに限らず土地･労働力も商品化され取引されるようになり，価格決定の場としての市場体系が，社会をあるいは経済を決定するようになったのが近代西欧的な社会である。　アフリカ社会の市の人類学的研究を行ったボハナンPaul BohannanとダルトンGeorge Daltonは，売買取引の特定の場である〈市場market place〉と，需給関係によって価格が決定される〈市場交換原理principle of market exchange〉とを区別し，近代社会以外にも市場交換原理の作用する場合が見いだされることを指摘し，場としての市と市場交換原理が果たす役割に基づいて，社会を次の三つに分類した。(1)市場欠如型社会　場としての市がなく，市場交換原理も作用するとすれば個人間にあらわれるにすぎない。…

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