A type of herbicide. Known for its use by the US military in the Vietnam War, Agent Orange is a representative example. It was sprayed from low-flying aircraft from 1962 to 1971 in forested areas where the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army were likely to be hiding, with the aim of killing trees and destroying crops that could be used as food. The components were roughly equal amounts of unrefined butyl esters 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). In addition, small amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzoparadioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) were also present in various proportions. 2,3,7,8-TCDD, a by-product of the 2,4,5-T manufacturing process, is commonly known as dioxin and is toxic. Approximately 50 million liters of Agent Orange sprayed in Vietnam contained approximately 170 kg of dioxin. Since the 1970s, Vietnamese people have experienced unusually high rates of miscarriages, skin diseases, cancers, birth defects, and birth defects believed to be the result of exposure to Agent Orange. Many American, Australian, and New Zealand soldiers who were exposed to Agent Orange over long periods in Vietnam later suffered cancer and other health problems. American veterans filed a class action lawsuit against seven pesticide manufacturers that produced Agent Orange for the U.S. military. The two sides reached a settlement, and a compensation fund of $180 million was established for approximately 250,000 victims and their families. (→ Operation Orange) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
除草剤の一種。ベトナム戦争でアメリカ軍が使用したことで知られ,その代表的なものをオレンジ剤(エージェントオレンジ)という。1962~71年に南ベトナム解放民族戦線と北ベトナム軍の勢力が潜伏していそうな森林地帯で木々を枯死させ,食料となりうる農作物を処分することを目的として低空飛行する航空機から散布された。成分は,非精製ブチルエステルの 2,4-ジクロロフェノキシ酢酸(2,4-D)と 2,4,5-トリクロロフェノキシ酢酸(2,4,5-T)がほぼ同量であった。加えて少量の 2,3,7,8-テトラクロロジベンゾパラジオキシン(2,3,7,8-TCDD)もさまざまな割合で含まれていた。2,4,5-T製造過程の副産物である 2,3,7,8-TCDDは一般にダイオキシンと呼ばれ,有毒である。ベトナムに散布された約 5000万lの枯葉剤にはダイオキシン約 170kgが含まれていた。1970年代以降,ベトナム人の間では枯葉剤にさらされたことが原因とみられる流産,皮膚疾患,癌,先天性欠損症,先天性奇形が異常に高い頻度で発生している。また,ベトナムで長期にわたって枯葉剤にさらされたアメリカ合衆国,オーストラリアおよびニュージーランドの兵士多数がのちに癌その他の健康被害を経験している。アメリカの退役軍人らはアメリカ軍向けに枯葉剤を生産した農薬メーカー 7社に対して集団訴訟を起こした。両者は和解にいたり,約 25万人の被害者と家族のために 1億8000万ドルの補償基金が設立された。(→枯葉作戦)
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