Orchestra - Kangengaku
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A relatively large ensemble that comes together to perform musical pieces using a variety of instruments. Also called an orchestra. Chamber music in which each part is performed by one person, and ensembles consisting only of wind instruments are not called orchestras, but the term is usually applied to ensembles consisting only of string instruments. [Yoshio Miyama] historyIn ancient Greece, the semicircular floor at the bottom of the theater with a fan-shaped seating arrangement was called the orchestra, where plays with choruses were performed. When a stage was eventually built and the play moved onto the stage, the chorus or band remained in the orchestra. Later, the band performing in that space came to be called an orchestra. During the Renaissance, when many musical plays were created as part of the revival of ancient theater, instrumental ensembles were organized. With the birth of opera in the early 17th century, the position and role of the ensemble was elevated. Monteverdi's opera Orfeo, which premiered in 1607, used an ensemble of about 40 people consisting of a variety of wind and string instruments. The orchestra of the 17th and 18th centuries developed primarily in three places: (1) Imperial Courts Each imperial court had its own orchestra. However, the size and instrument composition of each orchestra differed greatly, and composers composed music according to the circumstances of each orchestra. (2) Theater: An orchestra that accompanies operas, oratorios, etc. performed in a theater. (3) Church: Instrumental ensembles were used either independently or as accompaniment during the Mass and for the performance of cantatas in religious services. In the mid-18th century, public concerts for the general public began to be held, which led to the expansion of orchestral compositions and the development of new musical genres such as symphonies and concertos. The foundations of today's orchestral instrument composition and performance style were established in the first half of the 19th century. [Yoshio Miyama] Instrument arrangement and compositionToday's standard orchestra consists of about 100 players. When performing, these instruments and players are arranged on the stage by instrument group. There are many different arrangements, but the most commonly used method today is shown in (1) in , which began in the United States in 1925. Until then, the method shown in (2) in was commonly used, with the violins arranged on either side of the conductor, facing each other on either side. This method is now only used in a limited number of orchestras, such as the Vienna Philharmonic. The number of players for each instrument is as shown in . This is a three-wind orchestra with three players for each wind instrument and the corresponding number of string players. A three-wind orchestra uses three instruments of the same family, such as one piccolo among three flutes, one English horn among three oboes, one bass clarinet among three clarinets, and one contrabassoon among three bassoons. This is merely a standard, and the number of players varies depending on the piece. For example, in Haydn and Mozart's symphonies, each wind instrument is limited to two players, and the number of string players is reduced accordingly. Also, for modern and contemporary works that require particularly large ensembles or special instruments, extra players are added. [Yoshio Miyama] kindsOrchestras can be divided into several types depending on their composition and purpose. The above composition and arrangement are for the most common concert orchestras in Japan today, but there are also some that use special compositions such as the following: (1) Chamber orchestra: An orchestra usually consisting of ten or a dozen members mostly consisting of string instruments, possibly including a harpsichord, that performs Baroque music as well as modern and contemporary pieces written for string ensembles. (2) Wind orchestra Generally speaking, this does not correspond to the Japanese word kangengaku (wind orchestra). However, in German and French, the word orchestra is used to refer to an ensemble of various wind instruments, such as Brassorchester (German) and orchestra d'harmonie (French). Orchestral music can also be divided into the following categories based on the purpose of performance: (1) Concert Orchestra: An orchestra that performs public concerts, mainly at regular concerts, with symphonies and concertos as the mainstay of its program. (2) Opera House Orchestra As the name suggests, this is an orchestra attached to an opera house, which was once run by a royal court or a royal family, but is now often run by a state. Its main role is to take part in opera and ballet performances, but there are also many cases where it functions as a concert orchestra in between schedules. (3) Broadcasting orchestras: As the name suggests, these are orchestras that belong to broadcasting stations, and most of them were established after World War II. Because they are financially stable, they tend to attract excellent musicians, and they tend to be actively managed, performing contemporary music that is not performed in general concerts, rare pieces, and collaborations with up-and-coming musicians. [Yoshio Miyama] Japanese OrchestraThe Imperial Household Ministry Gagaku Department Orchestra performed at ceremonies, and military bands had been performing since the Meiji era, but the first permanent orchestra was the Japan Symphony Orchestra (JSO), which held 12 subscription concerts between January and June 1926 (Taisho 15) conducted by Konoe Hidemaro and Yamada Kosaku. In October of the same year, the orchestra split off to form the New Symphony Orchestra (Shinkyo, the predecessor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra), with Konoe at the center. After World War II, orchestras were gradually established in various regions, and as of 2001, about 30 groups are still active. Chamber orchestras such as the Mito Chamber Orchestra were also established in various regions, but most of them are in the form of regular performances by musicians active around the world who come together on a regular basis. Since the 1990s, there has been a noticeable increase in the activities of orchestras aiming to perform works using original instruments (reproducing the instruments and playing techniques of the time when the work was created). [Yoshio Miyama] ``The 18th Century Orchestra'' by A. Kaas, translated by Koizumi Isao (1957, Rokumeikaku)' ' ▽ ``A Social History of the Orchestra - The Journey of German Orchestras and Their Musicians'' co-authored by C.H. Marlinck and Osaki Shigeo (1990, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)'' ▽ ``What is an Orchestra?'' by Mitsutomi Toshiro (1992, Shinchosha)' ' ▽ ``Orchestral Technique'' by G. Jacob, translated by Munakata Takashi (1998, Ongaku No Tomo Sha)'' ▽ ``Listen to Famous Orchestras! --Tracing its glorious history and famous recordings through CDs (1999)" ▽ "For those who listen to the orchestra, by Konoe Hidemaro, new edition (1999, Ongaku No Tomosha)" ▽ "A book to read about the orchestra --Things you want to know more about the orchestra, edited by Suzuki Orie (2000, Toon)" ▽ "Orchestra, by L. Auber and M. Landski, translated by Komatsu Kiyoshi (Hakusuisha, Quessais-je Bunko)" [References] | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Arrangement and organization of orchestral instruments (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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種々の楽器で音楽作品を演奏するために集まった、比較的大人数の合奏体。オーケストラorchestraともいう。各パート1人ずつで奏される室内楽、管楽器のみによる合奏団は管弦楽とはよばないが、弦楽だけの合奏団にはこの名称を適用するのが通例になっている。 ［美山良夫］ 歴史古代ギリシアの、扇状に広がる観客席をもつ劇場の中央底部の半円形の平土間がオルケストラとよばれ、そこで合唱付きの演劇が行われた。やがて舞台が設けられ、劇が舞台上に移ると、オルケストラには合唱ないし楽隊が残った。のちに、その場所で演奏する楽隊をオルケストラ（オーケストラ）とよぶようになる。ルネサンス時代に古代演劇再興の一環として多くの音楽劇がつくられた際に、器楽合奏団が編成された。17世紀初めのオペラの誕生とともに、合奏団の位置・役割が高められた。1607年初演のモンテベルディ作曲のオペラ『オルフェオ』では、多種の管楽器・弦楽器からなる40名ほどの合奏団が使われた。 17、18世紀の管弦楽は、おもに次の三つの場所で育成された。 (1)宮廷 各地の宮廷は直属の楽団を所有した。しかしその規模や楽器編成はそれぞれ大幅に異なり、作曲家は各楽団の状況にあわせて作曲した。 (2)劇場 劇場で上演・演奏されるオペラ、オラトリオなどの伴奏をする楽団。 (3)教会 ミサに際し、また礼拝におけるカンタータの演奏に際しては、器楽合奏が独立で、あるいは伴奏として用いられた。 18世紀の中ごろになると、市民を聴衆にする公開の演奏会が催されるようになり、それとともに管弦楽の編成の拡充、交響曲や協奏曲など新しい楽曲のジャンルの発展がみられた。今日の管弦楽の楽器編成、演奏形態の基礎は19世紀の前半にできあがった。 ［美山良夫］ 楽器配置と編成今日の標準的な管弦楽団は約100名の奏者からなる。これらの楽器と奏者は、演奏に際し、舞台上に、楽器のグループごとに分けて配置される。配置法は何種類もあるが、現在もっとも一般的に用いられているのがの(1)に示した方法で、1925年にアメリカで始まった。それまではの(2)に示したバイオリンが指揮者を挟んで左右に向かい合うように並ぶ方法が多く用いられた。この方法は、現在ではウィーン・フィルハーモニーなど限られた管弦楽団でしか採用されていない。 各楽器奏者の人数はに示したとおりである。これは各管楽器に3名の奏者をもち、それに相応した弦楽器奏者の数を備えた3管編成の管弦楽団の編成である。3管編成とは、フルート3のうちピッコロが1、オーボエ3のうちイングリッシュ・ホルンが1、クラリネット3のうちバス・クラリネットが1、ファゴット3のうちコントラファゴットが1といったように、同属の楽器を3管用いるものである。これはあくまで標準的なもので、曲によって人数は変化する。たとえばハイドンやモーツァルトの交響曲では各管楽器は2本以内であり、それに応じて弦の人数も減らされるし、また近代・現代の特別に大きな編成、特殊な楽器が必要とされる作品の演奏のためには、エキストラの奏者が加えられる。 ［美山良夫］ 種類管弦楽団は、編成や目的によっていくつもの種類に分けられる。前述の編成・配置は、現在わが国でもっとも一般的なコンサート・オーケストラについて説明したものであるが、これ以外に次のような特殊な編成をとるものがある。 (1)室内管弦楽団 通常10名から十数名のほとんど弦楽器からなり、これにチェンバロが加わった楽団で、バロック音楽、弦楽合奏用に書かれた近代・現代曲を演奏する。 (2)管楽オーケストラ 一般には管弦楽という邦語には該当しないが、ドイツ語やフランス語では、種々の管楽器の合奏にブラスオルケスターBrassorchester（ドイツ語）、オルケストル・ダルモニーorchestre d'harmonie（フランス語）のように、オーケストラの語を用いている。 また、管弦楽は演奏目的から次のように分けられる。 (1)コンサート・オーケストラ 定期演奏会を中心に一般の演奏活動を行う管弦楽団で、交響曲、協奏曲などがプログラムの柱となる。 (2)歌劇場管弦楽団 名称のように、かつては宮廷や王室、現在は国家により運営されることが多い歌劇場（オペラ・ハウス）に所属する管弦楽団で、オペラ、バレエの公演に参加するのがおもな任務だが、スケジュールの合間にコンサート・オーケストラとして活動する例も多い。 (3)放送管弦楽団 文字どおり放送局に所属する楽団で、大半が第二次世界大戦後に設立された。財政的に安定しているため優秀な奏者が集まりやすく、一般の演奏会では取り上げられない現代音楽、珍しい作品、新進の音楽家との協演など、積極的な運営が行われやすい。 ［美山良夫］ 日本の管弦楽団式典の際に宮内省雅楽部管弦楽団が演奏したり、軍楽隊の演奏は明治時代から行われていたが、常設の管弦楽団活動は1926年（大正15）1月～6月に、近衛秀麿(このえひでまろ)と山田耕筰(こうさく)の指揮で12回の予約定期演奏会を行った日本交響楽協会（日響）が最初である。これから分裂して同年10月、近衛を中心とする新交響楽団（新響。NHK交響楽団の前身）が結成された。第二次世界大戦後、しだいに各地に管弦楽団が設立され、2001年現在30団体ほどが活動を続けている。また、水戸室内管弦楽団など各地に室内オーケストラが設立されたが、世界各地で活躍する演奏家が定期的に集まって公演する形式が大半である。1990年代からオリジナル楽器による演奏（作品が生まれた時代の楽器や奏法を再現して演奏）を目ざしたオーケストラの活動も目だってきた。 ［美山良夫］ 『A・カース著、小泉功訳『第18世紀のオーケストラ』（1957・鹿鳴閣）』▽『C・H・マーリンク、大崎滋生共著『オーケストラの社会史――ドイツのオーケストラと楽員たちの歩み』（1990・音楽之友社）』▽『みつとみ俊郎著『オーケストラとは何か』（1992・新潮社）』▽『G・ヤコブ著、宗像敬訳『管弦楽技法』（1998・音楽之友社）』▽『音楽之友社編・刊『名門オーケストラを聴く！――CDでたどるその栄光の歴史と名盤』（1999）』▽『近衛秀麿著『オーケストラを聞く人へ』新装版（1999・音楽之友社）』▽『鈴木織衛編『オーケストラを読む本――もっと知りたいオーケストラの話』（2000・トーオン）』▽『L・オベール、M・ランドスキ著、小松清訳『管弦楽』（白水社・文庫クセジュ）』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 管弦楽の楽器配置と編成〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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