Face - Gangen

A Confucian scholar from the Qing Dynasty in China. His pen name was Konzen or Yizhi. His pen name was Sikoren, later changed to Xiuzhai. He was from Boye County, Hebei Province (Zhili). He was the founder of the Yan and Li school. He was a student during the Shunzhi era (1644-1661). He initially studied the teachings of Lu Wang, but disliked their emptiness, and then became an adherent of Cheng Zhu's teachings. When his foster grandmother died, he held funeral ceremonies based on the Zhu Xi family customs, but he found many points that were not in keeping with human feelings, and this led him to establish a position opposed to Cheng Zhu's teachings. In his later years, he became the head lecturer at the Zhangnan Academy in Zhili-Feizang, where he set up classes on literature, military preparation, classical history and performing arts, taught the Six Arts (rituals, music, archery, courtiers, calligraphy and mathematics) and lectured on worldly affairs, aiming to prepare students for the service of the nation. His learning placed the highest priority on practical conduct and governing the world, and taught perseverance and hard work. His works include "Retaining Nature," "Retaining Learning," "Retaining Governance," and "Retaining Remains" (The Four Retaining Chapters), of which "Retaining Nature" and "Retaining Learning" in particular well express Yan Yuan's ideological stance.

[Mitsuo Yamaguchi March 18, 2016]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)代の儒者。字(あざな)は渾然(こんぜん)、または易直。号は思古人、のち習斎と改める。河北省（直隷(ちょくれい)）博野(はくや)県の人。顔李(がんり)学派の祖。順治(じゅんち)年間（1644～1661）の諸生。初め陸王の学を学んだが、その空疎(くうそ)であるのを嫌い、ついで程朱の学を信奉した。養祖母の死に際し、朱子家礼に基づいて喪礼行事を行ったが、人情にそぐわぬ点を多く発見し、これを契機に程朱の学に反対する立場を確立した。晩年、直隷肥郷(ひきょう)の漳南(しょうなん)書院に主講となり、文事、武備、経史、芸能の課を設け、六芸(りくげい)（礼・楽(がく)・射・御(ぎょ)・書・数の6種の技芸）を習い世務を講じ、国家の用に備えることを旨とした。その学は躬行(きゅうこう)実践、経世治用(けいせいちよう)を第一義とし、堅忍刻苦を教旨とする。著書に「存性」「存学」「存治」「存人」の4篇(へん)（『四存篇』）があり、とりわけ「存性」「存学」2篇は顔元の思想的立場をよく表している。

［山口三夫　2016年3月18日］

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