Gabriel reaction - Gabriel reaction

Japanese: ガブリエル反応 - がぶりえるはんのう

...A general term for compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of ammonia NH ₃ are replaced by hydrocarbon groups R. Amine with one, two, and three hydrocarbon groups is called a primary amine, secondary amine, and tertiary amine, respectively (Figure 1). A compound in which all four hydrogen atoms of ammonium salt NH ₄ X are replaced by hydrocarbon groups (general formula R ₄ NX) is called a quaternary ammonium compound. If the amine's hydrocarbon groups are all aliphatic, it is called an aliphatic amine, and if it contains at least one aromatic group, it is called an aromatic amine. Amines with simple structures are named by adding the suffix amine after the name of the hydrocarbon group bonded to the nitrogen atom (see table), but for basic aromatic primary amines, the common names (aniline, toluidine, etc.) are accepted. ...

From [Phthalimide]

…By reacting this with an alkyl halide and then hydrolyzing it, a primary amine can be synthesized. This reaction was discovered by Siegmund Gabriel of Germany in 1887 and is called the Gabriel synthesis of primary amines, or the Gabriel reaction. The Gabriel reaction is also used to synthesize amino acids. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to the "Gabriel reaction" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…アンモニアNH₃の水素原子を炭化水素基Rで置換した化合物の総称。炭化水素基の数が1個，2個，3個のものをそれぞれ第一アミン，第二アミン，第三アミンという(図1)。なお，アンモニウム塩NH₄Xの4個の水素原子をすべて炭化水素基で置換した化合物(一般式R₄NX)は第四アンモニウム化合物と呼ばれる。アミンの炭化水素基が脂肪族のものだけであれば脂肪族アミン，一つでも芳香族のものを含めば芳香族アミンという。構造の簡単なアミンは，窒素原子に結合している炭化水素基名の後に接尾語amine(アミン)をつけて命名する(表参照)が，芳香族第一アミンの基本的なものについては，慣用名(アニリン，トルイジンなど)が認められている。…