Qarmatians - Qarmat is (English spelling) Qarmat

Japanese: カルマト派 - カルマトは（英語表記）Qarmat

The name of a branch of Shiite Islam. In the 9th to 12th centuries, they launched a movement in various places against the Abbasid Caliphate. The rise of the Fatimid dynasty (909-1171) was closely related to this movement. In the 10th century, they formed an independent state in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula, and in 930 they raided Mecca and took the Black Stone of the Kaaba, which they kept for 20 years. They were mystical in their ideology, and in politics they pursued justice rigorously, clashing violently with Sunni and other Shiite branches. They insisted on equality among believers and the sharing of property, and their unity was strong. The organization was an underground secret organization, and in 890 the "Hall of Retreat" was established in Kufa as its headquarters. They were particularly successful in organizing secret guilds of city craftsmen and lower-class laborers, which became the forerunners of later secret societies such as Islamic mystical sects, guilds in European urban communities, and the Freemasons.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イスラム教シーア派の一分派の名称。9～12世紀にアッバース朝カリフ制に対抗して，各地で運動を起した。ファーティマ朝 (909～1171) の勃興もこの派の運動と密接な関係をもっていた。 10世紀にはアラビア半島東部で独立国を形成し，930年メッカを襲撃してカーバの黒石を持去り，それを 20年間保有していた。思想的には神秘主義で，政治的にはきびしく正義を追求して，スンニー派やシーア派の他の分派と激しく衝突した。信者の間の平等と財産の共有とを主張して，その団結は強かった。教団組織は地下秘密組織で，890年その本部としてクーファに「隠れ館」がつくられた。特に都市の職人や下級労働者による秘密組合の組織化に成功したが，これはのちのイスラム神秘主義教団の組織，ヨーロッパ都市社会のギルド，さらにはフリーメーソンなどの秘密結社のさきがけとなった。

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