Kagami Shiko - Kagami Shiko

Japanese: 各務支考 - かがみ・しこう

Year of death: February 7, 16th year of the Kyoho era (March 14, 1731)
Year of birth: 1665
A haiku poet of the early Edo period. Born in Mino Province (Gifu Prefecture). His other pen names were Nobanshi (also called Banshi) and Shishian. He also used pseudonyms such as Renjibou and Hakukyo. In 1690 (Genroku 3), he became a student of Matsuo Basho, and in 1692 he made a pilgrimage to Oshu and published a book on haiku called "Kuzu no Matsubara." In 1693, he edited "Zoku Sarumino" and established himself as a haiku poet of the Basho school. In a letter to Mukai Kyorai, Basho described Shiko as a useless person, and then reported, "He is a fool who does things like nagbushi and other things, and when he drinks sake he becomes a fool, so it is difficult for Bashoan to calm down." This shows that Basho saw Shiko as a frivolous and easy-going person, but he also had a sincere side, as shown by Basho's personal nursing care when Basho was on his deathbed in Osaka, and Basho expressed his gratitude to him in his will. After Basho's death, Shiko was extremely active, traveling from east to west to gain disciples, and frequently holding memorial services for Basho, solidifying his position as the leader of the Basho school of haiku, and building a major force known as the Mino school. In addition to his writing, he published such works on haiku as "Zoku Goron," "Haikai Juron," and "Juron Ibensho," and was active as the foremost debater in the Basho school. However, his personality was also problematic, and in particular, in 1711 (the first year of the Shōtoku era) at the age of 47, he wrote his own "Shuenki" (Record of the End of Life) and published a memorial collection titled "Adare Hanashi" (The Tale of Amida), which drew criticism as a way of deceiving the public and undermining Basho's authority. The Mino school continued to grow in size, and the reason for this was that his theory of haiku, which considered common tales to be the essence of haiku, was accepted by the general public. This made it inevitable that haiku would become more vulgar, and later he was seen as the person responsible for the vulgarization of haiku and was called the haiku demon, and the Mino school, along with the Ise school led by Nakagawa (Mugirinsha) Otsuyoshi, came to be called the derogatory term "Shinmugi no to" (The Disciples of Mugi). However, it can be said that Shiko's greatest achievement was the popularization of haiku. <References> Horikiri Minoru, "Shiko's Chronological Study," "Study of the Basho-style Haiku Theory," Nakamura Yukihiko, "Shiko Theory" ("Nakamura Yukihiko Collected Writings," Vol. 9)

(Yoshinobu Tanaka)

Source: Asahi Japanese Historical Biography: Asahi Shimbun Publications Inc. About Asahi Japanese Historical Biography

Japanese:

没年：享保16.2.7(1731.3.14)
生年：寛文5(1665)
江戸前期の俳人。美濃国(岐阜県)の人。別号は野盤子(盤子とも),獅子庵など。また蓮二房,白狂などの変名を名乗った。元禄3(1690)年,松尾芭蕉に入門し,同5年には奥羽に行脚し,俳論書『葛の松原』を上梓した。同7年には『続猿蓑』を編集して蕉門俳人として確固たる地位を得た。芭蕉は向井去来宛書簡の中で,支考は役に立たない人物だと述べたのち,「なげぶし何とやらをどりなどで,酒さへ呑ば馬鹿尽し候へば,愚庵(芭蕉庵)気をつめ候事成り難く候」と報じており,師の芭蕉から軽薄なお調子者とみられていたことが分かるが,芭蕉が大坂で臨終の床にあったときは親身に看病し,遺言書の中で芭蕉から感謝の言葉を贈られるような誠実な一面もあった。芭蕉死後の活躍は目覚ましく,東西に行脚して門弟を獲得し,また度々芭蕉追善の法会を催して蕉門俳諧の指導者としての地位を固め,美濃派と称される一大勢力を築いた。また実作の方面のみならず,『続五論』『俳諧十論』『十論為弁抄』などの俳論書を刊行して蕉門随一の論客としても活躍した。しかしその人格には問題も多く,特に正徳1(1711)年47歳のとき,みずから「終焉記」を書き,『阿誰話』という自分の追悼集を出版したいわゆる佯死事件は,世間を欺き芭蕉の権威を損なうものとして非難を浴びた。その後も美濃派は巨大化していったが,この要因は,俗談平話を俳諧の要諦とする彼の俳諧理論が,一般大衆に受け入れられたからである。それだけにまた俳諧の低俗化は避けられず,のちに彼は俳諧低俗化の張本人と見なされて俳魔と呼ばれ,美濃派は,中川(麦林舎)乙由の伊勢派とともに,支麦の徒という蔑称をもって呼ばれるようになった。しかし俳諧の大衆化こそ,支考の最大の功績であったというべきである。<参考文献>堀切実『支考年譜考証』,同『蕉風俳論の研究』,中村幸彦「支考論」(『中村幸彦著述集』9巻)

(田中善信)

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