It is one of the weapons with a long history. A container of explosives is buried in the ground and ignited by pressure from stepping on it, gravitational force from a string, electrical ignition, magnetic force against metal, or a sensor that detects body heat. Depending on the purpose, there are anti-tank mines, anti-personnel mines, waterfront mines buried on the coast, floating mines, anti-aircraft mines for paratroopers, railway mines, chemical mines, as well as makeshift mines made from emergency materials and training mines for training. It does not cause any damage to friendly forces, is relatively inexpensive to manufacture, and has been used as a powerful weapon to reduce the enemy. In Japan, there are records that Sanada Yukimura used it in the Summer Siege of Osaka. It consists of a fuse and a container filled with gunpowder, and can be detonated by pressure, electrical ignition, vibration, radio waves, sound waves, clockwork, etc. Buried mines can be found by feeling with a bayonet or stick, or by using magnetic or sonic mine detectors, or by using bombs, grenades, or artillery shells to detonate them. It is said that the current type of landmine was first used during the American Civil War (1861-65). It was later developed as an anti-tank weapon, but began to be used as an anti-personnel weapon around the time of the Vietnam War in the 1960s. Anti-personnel mines are buried indiscriminately and without limit, and are left as they are even after the war has ended, causing endless damage to the surrounding residents. They were also used extensively in the civil wars of Cambodia, Bosnia, and various parts of Africa in the 1980s and 1990s, and continue to cause damage. Due to these circumstances, the Treaty on the Prohibition of the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons, which regulates inhumane weapons, came into force in 1983 (see the section on the regulation of conventional forces). This prohibits the indiscriminate use of landmines and other weapons against civilians, and requires the recording of minefields. In addition, at the end of the 1990s, former Princess Diana of the United Kingdom and others took the lead in raising international public opinion for the total abolition of landmines. In 1997, developed countries signed an international treaty to ban anti-personnel mines, which prohibits the production, possession, and use of landmines for humanitarian reasons, and Japan joined in 1998. However, because they are low cost and easy to use, military and security groups in developing countries and conflict zones often still use them. [Terada Chikao] [References] | | |The figure shows the Type 72 anti-tank mine used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. To increase the explosive effect, the explosives are packed in a cone shape. The safety support and leaf spring are removed when the mine is buried. Example of anti-tank mine structure When a tank hits a mine, the pressure activates a fuse, causing it to explode . An example of an anti-tank mine Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
長い歴史をもつ兵器の一つ。地面の中に容器に入れた爆薬を埋め、踏んだ圧力やひもによる引力、電気による着火、金属に対する磁力、体温に感応するセンサーなどで発火爆発する。目的によって対戦車地雷、対人地雷、海岸に埋める水際地雷、浮遊地雷、落下傘部隊に対する対空挺(くうてい)地雷、鉄道地雷、科学地雷などのほか応急の材料で作った急造地雷や訓練用の訓練地雷などがある。味方の損害を伴わず、製造価も比較的安く敵を減殺する有力な兵器として用いられてきた。日本では「大坂夏の陣」で真田幸村(さなだゆきむら)が使ったとの記録もある。 信管と火薬を詰めた容器からなり、圧力や電気発火のほか震動、電波、音波、時計仕掛けなどで発火させる。埋めた地雷を見つけるには銃剣や棒で手探りするほか磁力や音波応用の地雷探知器あるいは爆弾や手榴弾(しゅりゅうだん)、砲弾による誘爆除去法もある。 現在用いられている型の地雷がはじめて使用されたのは南北戦争(1861~65)と伝えられる。その後、対戦車兵器として開発されていったが、1960年代のベトナム戦争のころから対人兵器として使用されるようになった。対人地雷は無制限、無差別に埋設され、終戦後もそのまま放置され周辺住民に終わりのない地雷被害をもたらしている。また、80~90年代のカンボジアやボスニア、アフリカ各地の内戦でも多用され、被害が続いている。これらの事情により、1983年、非人道的兵器を規制する「特定通常兵器の使用禁止条約」が発効した(通常戦力の規制の項目を参照)。これは地雷などを文民に対して無差別に使用することを禁じ、地雷原の記録を義務づけたものである。また、90年代の終わりにはイギリスのダイアナ元皇太子妃などが先頭にたち、地雷全廃への国際世論を呼び起こした。1997年、先進各国では人道的な立場から地雷を作らない、持たない、使わないの地雷廃絶の国際条約(対人地雷全面禁止条約)を調印、日本は1998年に加盟した。しかしコストが安く使用方法も簡単なため開発途上国や紛争地域の軍や保安グループではなお装備していることが多い。 [寺田近雄] [参照項目] | | |図は、陸上自衛隊で採用されていた72式対戦車地雷。爆発効果を高めるため、爆薬は円錐状に充填される。安全支脚と板ばねは埋設時に取り外す©Shogakukan"> 対戦車地雷の構造例 戦車が地雷を踏むと、その圧力で信管が作動し、爆発する©Shogakukan"> 対戦車地雷埋設の例 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
A type of street prostitute from the Edo period, ...
Eperjes in Hungarian. A city in eastern Slovakia. ...
The capital of Madagascar, located in the central...
…The right atrium is connected to the right ventr...
…In Judaism, the vernal equinox is the new year i...
A type of Japanese popular song. It has been used...
…[Ueda Koichiro]. … *Some of the terminology that...
A town in Matsumae County, Hokkaido, at the southe...
It is transliterated as yoga. Originally it is a ...
A Yayoi period shell mound in Masugata-koi, Oshiro...
The fruit of beech family plants such as sawtooth ...
…Pagan deities survived in the form of associatio...
Originally it meant the exchange rate of the curr...
…In his three papers, On Faraday's Lines of F...
The radius of rotation about an axis of a point ma...