Itard, JMG - Itard

Japanese: イタール，J.M.G. - いたーる

... The first case report of behavior therapy was published in 1912 by Russian doctor VM Bekhterev, who used conditioned reflex techniques to cure a patient with hysterical deafness, which was difficult to treat with psychiatric methods. However, the seeds of behavior therapy practice can be seen in JMG Itard's education of the Wild Boys of Aveyron (1799), A. Maconochie's token economy educational system for prisoners on Norfolk Island (1837), and AMSullivan's therapeutic education of Helen Keller (1887). After going through this history, behavior therapy began to emerge in the 1960s. The reasons for this are thought to be: (1) the causal variables considered in the psychotherapy model that had been centered on psychoanalysis up until then were internal phenomena that were difficult to measure, and therefore did not allow for objective operational research; (2) a mountain of data was accumulating showing that the clinical outcomes of therapies based on the psychodynamic process were poor; and (3) the behavioral theory model breathed fresh air into the methodology of psychotherapy, leading to significant progress in follow-up studies of the effects of treatment, comparative studies of treatments, and reviews of treatment theories.

From [Seguin]

…Born into a family of French doctors. In 1837, he studied under J. Itard, known for his educational experiments with the Wild Boy of Aveyron, and began educating idiots. Influenced by Saint-Simon, he came to view people with intellectual disabilities as unified individuals of activity, intellect, and will, and he worked throughout his life to establish a system of therapeutic education that would alleviate those disabilities and promote the overall development of abilities and personality. …

From "Wild Child"

…(7) Retardation of intellectual development. The most reliable example is the Wild Boy of Aveyron, who was found in the south of France at about age 12 and educated by the physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard. According to a detailed record (1801-1807) of six years of instruction for this child, who was deemed mentally retarded and incapable of medical treatment or education, he did not progress to the level of normal children of his age, but his sensory functions and social skills developed remarkably, and intellectually he was able to learn basic concepts and letters. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Itard, JMG" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…　ロシアのベフテレフV.M.Bekhterevが精神医学的方法では治療困難であったヒステリー性聾の1患者を条件反射技法で全治させたとの症例報告(1912)が行動療法の最初である。しかし行動療法的実践の萌芽は，イタールJ.M.G.Itardによる〈アベロンの野生児〉の教育(1799)，マコノキーA.Maconochieがノーフォーク島の受刑者に実施したトークン･エコノミーによる教育刑制度(1837)，サリバンA.M.Sullivanによるヘレン･ケラーの治療教育(1887)などに認めることができる。このような歴史を経て行動療法は1960年代から勃興したが，その理由として考えられることは，(1)それまでの精神分析を中心とした心理療法モデルで考えられてきた原因的変数は，測定しがたい内的現象であって，客観的操作的研究ができないこと，(2)その心理力動過程をもとにした治療法の臨床成績が不良とのデータが山積したこと，(3)行動理論モデルによって心理治療の方法論に新風が吹きこまれ，治療効果の追跡研究，治療法の比較研究，治療論などの見直しが大きく進んだことなどがあげられる。…

【セガン】より

…フランスの医者の家に生まれる。1837年〈アベロンの野生児〉の教育実験で知られるイタールJ.Itardに師事し，〈白痴〉児教育に着手。サン･シモンの影響を受けて知能などに障害をもつ者も，〈活動，知性，意志〉の統一的人格体としてとらえ，その障害の軽減と能力･人格の全体的発達を図る療育体系の確立に生涯，努力した。…

【野生児】より

…(7)知的発達の遅滞。　最も信頼できる事例は，12歳ごろ南フランスで発見され，医師イタールJean Marc Gaspard Itardによって教育されたアベロンの野生児である。精神遅滞で医療･教育が不可能とされたこの子への6年にわたる指導の精細な記録(1801～1807)によると，同年齢の普通児並みにはならなかったが，感覚機能や社会性がめざましく発達し，知的な面でも基本的概念や文字の学習が成立した。…

※「イタール，J.M.G.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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