Garyu

A Chinese soldier. Born in Sangzhi County, Hunan Province. At the age of 20, he suffered a great famine and led villagers in an attack on the county town. He became a guerrilla leader, but in 1926 he became commander of the 20th Army of the Wuhan government's Northern Expeditionary Force. In 1927, he led the August 1st Nanchang Uprising with Zhu De and others, and joined the Chinese Communist Party that same year. From 1930, as commander of the Second Red Army, he escaped the encirclement of Chiang Kai-shek's army and fought in central China. In 1935, he left Sangzhi with two frontal armies and participated in the Long March. In 1937, he became commander of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army and played an active role in the anti-Japanese war. In 1945, he was elected to the Party's Central Committee. During the Chinese Civil War in 1947, he served as commander of the Jinsui District of the First Field Army and commander of the 18th Corps in North China, before becoming commander of the Southwest Military Region under the new Beijing government in 1949. In 1954, he became vice premier and head of the Committee for Physical Education and Sports. In 1955, he became a marshal. In 1956, he became a member of the Party's Politburo. From 1959 to 1965, he was vice chairman of the National Defense Committee (Chairman, Liu Shaoqi), and was in a position to keep Lin Biao in check. In 1965, he became head of the Committee for Physical Education again. In 1966, during the Cultural Revolution, he was criticized, and in 1967, he was labeled a bandit representing Liu Shaoqi's line within the military, and was forced to resign. In 1969, he died in prison in Beijing. In 1974, he was rehabilitated.

[Keisuke Takaichi and Tsukasa Shibuya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の軍人。湖南(こなん／フーナン)省桑植県出身。20歳のとき大飢饉(ききん)にあい村民を率いて県城を襲撃。ゲリラの長となっていたが、1926年武漢政府の北伐軍二〇軍長となる。1927年朱徳(しゅとく／チュートー)らと八・一南昌蜂起(なんしょうほうき)を指導、同年中国共産党に入党。1930年から紅二軍団長として蒋介石(しょうかいせき／チヤンチエシー)軍の包囲網をくぐり抜け華中を転戦。1935年二方面軍を率いて桑植をたち長征に参加した。1937年八路軍一二〇師団長となり抗日戦に活躍。1945年党中央委員に選出された。1947年国共内戦で一野戦軍晋綏(しんすい)区司令、華北一八兵団司令を経て、1949年北京(ペキン)新政府の西南軍区司令となった。1954年副首相、体育運動委員会主任。1955年元帥。1956年党政治局員。1959～1965年国防委員会副主席（主席、劉少奇(りゅうしょうき／リウシャオチー)）として林彪(りんぴょう／リンピァオ)を抑える立場にあった。1965年ふたたび体育委員会主任。「文化大革命」中の1966年批判を受け、1967年軍内で劉少奇路線を代表する大土匪(だいどひ)とされ失脚。1969年北京(ペキン)で獄死した。1974年名誉回復。

［高市恵之助・渋谷　司］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例