Kaliningrad - Калининград/Kaliningrad

Japanese: カリーニングラード - かりーにんぐらーど(英語表記)Калининград/Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad - Калининград/Kaliningrad

The capital of Kaliningrad Oblast in the western part of the Russian Federation. It is a port city located at the mouth of the Pregolya River, which flows into the eastern part of Vislany Bay in the Baltic Sea. Until 1946, it was called Königsberg. It has a population of 431,902 (2010). More than 90% of the city's buildings and facilities were destroyed during World War II, but reconstruction was rapid. It is currently developing as a transportation, fishery, and industrial center of Russia. Its main industries are machinery and metal processing (railroad car manufacturing, ship repair, road and construction machinery, cranes, auto parts, paper and wood processing equipment), fishery processing, wood processing, and paper manufacturing. Although the port sometimes freezes over, it is considered to be the ice-free port in Russia, and is important as a fishing base and commercial port. There are educational facilities such as the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, the Fisheries University, and the Local History Museum, and the 14th century cathedral with Kant's tomb and the Teutonic Castle are preserved. Coastal resort towns such as Svetlogorsk and Zelenogradsk are developing near the city.

[Taizo Nakamura]

history

Before the Germans colonized the east, there was a fortress and settlement here by the Prussians, a Baltic people, but the city's development began when the Teutonic Knights built Königsberg Castle here in 1255. Königsberg obtained city rights in 1280, and in the 14th century joined the Hanseatic League and prospered through trade, with a university being established there in 1544. The castle was the residence of the Grand Master of the Knights from 1459 onwards, and of the Duke of Prussia from 1525 onwards. Even after the Duchy of Prussia was returned to the possession of the Elector of Brandenburg, Königsberg continued to occupy an important position as the nation's second capital. Successive generations of Prussian kings were crowned here. The old town was destroyed during World War II, and it became part of the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, it became a city in the Russian Federation.

[Eihachiro Sakai]

[References] | Hanseatic League | Kingdom of Prussia | Russian Federation

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシア連邦西部、カリーニングラード州の州都。バルト海のビスラニー湾東部に注ぐプレゴリャ川の河口に位置する港湾都市。1946年まではケーニヒスベルクKönigsbergと称した。人口43万1902(2010)。第二次世界大戦で市の建物や設備の90%以上が破壊されたが、復興は迅速に進められた。現在、ロシアの交通、水産、工業の中心地として発展している。主要な工業は機械・金属加工業(鉄道車両製造、船舶修理、道路・建設用機械、クレーン、自動車部品、紙・木材加工工業用設備)、水産加工、木材加工、製紙工業である。港は一時凍結することもあるが、ロシアでは不凍港とされ、漁業基地、商港として重要である。イマヌエル・カント・バルト連邦大学、水産大学、郷土博物館などの教育施設があり、カントの墓のある14世紀建造の寺院、ドイツ騎士団の城が保存されている。市の近郊には、スベトロゴルスク、ゼレノグラツクなどの沿岸保養地が発展している。

[中村泰三]

歴史

ドイツ人の東方植民以前、この地にはバルト民族プロイセン人の城塞(じょうさい)と集落があったが、1255年ドイツ騎士団がここにケーニヒスベルク城を築いたのが都市発展の始まりである。1280年に都市権を得たケーニヒスベルク市は、14世紀にはハンザ同盟にも加わって貿易で栄え、1544年には大学も設立されている。城は1459年以後騎士団長の、1525年以後はプロイセン公の居城であり、プロイセン公国がブランデンブルク選帝侯の領有に帰してからのちも、ケーニヒスベルクは国家第二の首都として重要な地位を占めた。プロイセン国王は代々ここで戴冠(たいかん)している。第二次世界大戦で旧市街は破壊され、ポツダム会議によりソ連領となった。1991年12月のソ連崩壊に伴い、ロシア連邦の一都市となる。

[坂井榮八郎]

[参照項目] | ハンザ同盟 | プロイセン王国 | ロシア連邦

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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