Potential temperature - Oni

Japanese: 温位 - おんい
Potential temperature - Oni

This is the temperature of air particles that do not contain water vapor when they are adiabatically brought to standard atmospheric pressure (1000 hectopascals). If the initial temperature (absolute temperature) is T and the atmospheric pressure is p, the potential temperature θ is defined by the following equation.

θ=T(1000/p) 0.29
This equation shows that potential temperature does not change in adiabatic change, that is, potential temperature is conservative. According to the first law of thermodynamics, part of the heat added to an air particle is used to increase its internal energy (temperature rise), and part is used to expand against external pressure. On the other hand, according to the gas law, there is a certain relationship between air pressure, temperature, and specific volume. Now, if an air particle is brought adiabatically to a place of low pressure, the air particle expands, but the energy required for this is compensated for by internal energy because it is adiabatic, and the temperature of the air particle drops by that amount. Conversely, if the air particle is brought to a place of high pressure, its temperature rises. In this way, the temperature changes due to the movement of the air particle, so it is not conservative. However, if potential temperature is used, it is conservative as long as the movement of the air is adiabatic. For this reason, potential temperature is used for analyzing air masses and detecting fronts. Since real air contains water vapor and releases latent heat during condensation, the equivalent potential temperature that takes this effect into account is used. Equivalent potential temperature is conservative against moist adiabatic change. Therefore, equivalent potential temperature is extremely useful for analyzing hot and humid air masses and detecting the rainy season front (where there is a large difference in temperature in eastern Japan and a large difference in humidity in western Japan across the front).

[Hiroshi Matano]

"Introduction to Synoptic Meteorology" by Yoshimitsu Ogura (2000, University of Tokyo Press)

[Reference] | Absolute temperature | Latent heat | Adiabatic change

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

水蒸気を含んでいない空気粒子を断熱的に標準気圧(1000ヘクトパスカル)までもってきたとき、その空気粒子が示す温度をいう。初めの温度(絶対温度)をT、気圧をpとすれば、温位θは次の式で定義される。

  θ=T(1000/p)0.29
この式から、断熱変化においては温位が変わらないこと、すなわち温位に保存性があることが示される。熱力学の第一法則から、空気粒子に加えられた熱量は、一部は内部エネルギーの増加(温度の上昇)に使われ、一部は外圧に抗して膨張する仕事に使われる。一方、気体の法則から、気圧、気温および比容の間には一定の関係がある。いま、空気粒子を断熱的に気圧の低い所にもってくると、空気粒子は膨張するが、それに必要なエネルギーは断熱的であるために、内部エネルギーによってあがなわれ、その分だけ空気粒子の温度は低下する。反対に、空気粒子を気圧の高い所へもってくると、その温度は上昇する。このように空気粒子の運動によってその温度は変化するので、保存性がない。しかし、温位を用いると空気の運動が断熱的である限り、保存性がある。このため温位は気団の解析や前線の検出などに利用される。実際の空気には水蒸気が含まれており、凝結に際して潜熱の放出があるため、この影響を考慮した相当温位が用いられる。相当温位は湿潤断熱変化に対して保存性がある。そのため、高温多湿な気団の解析や梅雨前線(前線を境に東日本では気温差が大きく、西日本では湿度差が大きい)の検出には相当温位がきわめて有効である。

[股野宏志]

『小倉義光著『総観気象学入門』(2000・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 絶対温度 | 潜熱 | 断熱変化

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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