This is a bottom trawl using an otter board. It is a type of seine net, and belongs to the towing type of bottom trawl net. It was invented in Scotland in 1894 and introduced to Japan in 1908 (Meiji 41), first by the Fukae Maru (169 tons). It is similar to the traditional Japanese plank seine. It is the most efficient fishing method with extremely high fishing efficiency, and is widely used in Europe and America. The otter board works to open the net mouth to the left and right by using the resistance of the water while the net is being towed. There are two ways to attach it: the double rigger otter board, which is attached directly to the float rope and sinker rope at the front of the sleeve net, and the otter board is attached between the hand rope and warp rope attached to both sleeve nets. They come in a variety of shapes, including horizontal, vertical, and cylindrical, but currently the vertical type with a wing-shaped cross section (vertically curved type) is the most common. In bottom trawl nets, various opening methods are used to spread the net mouth as wide as possible while towing. These include (1) using otter boards, (2) towing with two boats, (3) attaching a girder or beam to the net mouth, (4) towing the net with one boat, and (5) connecting the tow rope to a long pole, but the most effective opening method is the otter board. The original purpose of the otter board was to widen the net mouth of bottom trawl nets, but techniques have been devised to drag nets not only in the bottom layer but also in the mid-layer and relatively surface layers, and nowadays otter trawls are used not only in bottom trawls but also in surface and mid-layer trawls. Bottom trawl nets are used to catch bottom-dwelling fish, but because they target organisms that are less mobile than pelagic fish and are more likely to be caught in large numbers, there is a high risk of overfishing. In addition, they can also catch organisms that live on the seabed in addition to the target organisms, which could lead to the destruction of the seabed ecosystem, so selective fishing gear is being developed. [Hideo Soeda and Kiyoshi Yoshihara] [Reference] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オッターボードotter board(拡網板、開口板)を使用して行う底引網をいう。引網類の一種で、底引網のうちの引回し網類に属する。1894年にスコットランドで考案され、日本に導入されたのは1908年(明治41)で、深江丸(169トン)の操業がその始めである。日本古来のものでは板引網が似ている。漁獲効率がきわめて高く、もっとも合理的な漁法で、ヨーロッパやアメリカでも広く使用されている。オッターボードは、曳網(えいもう)中、水の抵抗によって網口を左右に開かせる働きをする。取り付け方法としては、袖網(そであみ)前部の浮子(あば)綱と沈子(ちんし)綱に直接取り付けるダブルリガー用オッターボードと、両袖網に取り付けられた手綱(ハンドロープhand rope)と引綱(ワープwarp)との間にオッターボードを取り付ける方法などがある。形態は横型、縦型、円筒型などがあるが、現在は縦型で断面が翼形のもの(縦わん曲型)がもっとも普及している。 底引網類では、曳網中に網口をできるだけ広く左右に広げるため、各種の開口方法が用いられている。(1)オッターボードを用いる方法、(2)二艘(そう)引による方法、(3)網口に桁(けた)またはビーム(梁(はり))を取り付ける方法、(4)1艘で網を引回す方法、(5)長い竿(さお)を張り出して網の引綱をつなぐ方法などがあるが、もっとも効果的な開口方法がオッターボードである。オッターボードの当初の目的は、底引網の網口を広げることであったが、底層のみならず中層や比較的表層の水中を曳網する技法も考案され、現在は底引網に限らず、表層や中層のオッタートロールも操業されている。 底引網類は底生魚類を漁獲対象としているが、浮魚類に比較して移動力が少なく、多獲されやすい生物を対象とするため乱獲の危険性が高い。また、目的とする生物以外に海底に生息している生物をも根こそぎ漁獲してしまい、海底の生態系破壊にもつながりかねないため、選択性のある漁具の開発が進められている。 [添田秀男・吉原喜好] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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