Osgood, C.E.

Japanese: オズグッド,C.E. - おずぐっど
Osgood, C.E.

…However, even if nuclear deterrence works, accidental war or preventive war is unavoidable, so it was strongly desired for peace to first reduce the perception of mutual threat on both sides and for both sides to achieve nuclear disarmament. In 1962, American psychologist Charles Osgood proposed GRIT (graduated reciprocation in tension-reduction), which applies psychology and communication science, as a diplomatic strategy to gradually reduce the perception of mutual threat and the underlying mutual distrust. He strongly advocated unilateral US initiative to achieve this, drawing international attention. Deterrence Disarmament [Yasumasa Tanaka]. …

From [Disarmament]

…In response to this, an approach was advocated in which a country would first unilaterally take partial disarmament measures within the limits of its own security, thereby mitigating or eliminating the factors that are preventing the other country from disarmament, which are attributable to that country, and thereby inviting the other country to take partial disarmament measures, and then in return, taking the next partial disarmament measures. This approach was theorized by American psychologist Charles E. Osgood in his Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT). At first glance, this may seem too idealistic, but in fact the establishment of arms control agreements such as the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the establishment of a hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union would not have been possible without the elements of GRIT. …

From [Feedback]

… [Toshiyuki Kitamori]
[Application to social sciences]
The concept of feedback, which is an application of cybernetics to social science, has come to be used in economics, sociology, and political science, and is used not only to explain models, but also in the broader sense to change policies based on the results of policies. It is also one of the concepts that explains human communication. For example, CEOsgood and TASebeok have introduced the concept of intrapersonal feedback, in which the speaker corrects the content of what he or she says while listening to their own voice, and interpersonal feedback, in which the speaker corrects the content of what he or she says while checking the listener's gestures and responses, from the perspective that communication is not a one-way process in which the speaker transmits information to the listener, but rather that the information transmitted by the speaker is regulated by various factors and the stability of the system is maintained. In interpersonal conversations, these feedbacks are always functioning and control the communication system, but on the other hand, in mass communication, which uses advanced machine technology to simultaneously transmit information to an unspecified number of people, there is little feedback from the receiver, and the communication tends to be one-way. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Osgood, CE" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…しかし,たとえ核抑止が働いていようとも,偶発戦争や予防戦争までは避けられないので,まず相互的な脅威の知覚を双方において軽減し,双方が核軍縮を実現していくことが平和の確立のために強く望まれた。1962年,アメリカの心理学者チャールズ・オズグッドC.E.Osgoodは,相互的な脅威の知覚とそれに根ざす相互不信を徐々に軽減する外交戦略として,心理学とコミュニケーション科学を応用した〈GRIT(グリツト)〉(graduated reciprocation in tension‐reduction緊張緩和の漸進的交互行為)を提唱し,その実現のためにアメリカの一方的主導権を強く主張,国際的な注目をひいた。抑止軍縮【田中 靖政】。…

【軍縮】より

…そこで逆に,自国の安全を基本的に脅かさない限度でまず自国の側で部分的軍縮措置を一方的にとり,それによって相手国の軍縮を妨げている要因の中でこちら側に起因するものを緩和・除去して,相手国の部分的軍縮措置を誘い出し,それに見合ってこちら側が次の部分的軍縮措置をとる――そういう形で,軍縮への循環過程を生み出すというアプローチが主張された。これを理論化したのはアメリカの心理学者オズグッドCharles E.Osgoodの提唱した〈緊張緩和への段階的・相互的イニシアティブGraduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension‐reduction(GRIT)〉である。これは一見理念的にすぎるように見えるが,実は部分的核実験停止条約や米ソ間ホットライン設置などの軍備管理協定の成立も,GRITの要素なしには不可能だった。…

【フィードバック】より

…【北森 俊行】
[社会科学への応用]
 フィードバックの概念は,サイバネティックスの社会科学への応用ということから,経済学,社会学,政治学などにも用いられるようになり,モデルの説明のほか,広義には政策の結果をみて政策を変更するなどの場合にも用いられている。また人間のコミュニケーションを説明する概念の一つともなっており,例えばオズグッドC.E.OsgoodとシビオクT.A.Sebeokは,コミュニケーションとは話し手が聞き手に一方的に情報を伝達する過程ではなく,むしろ話し手の伝える情報が種々の要因によって規制され,システムとしての安定性が維持されるという観点から,話し手が自分自身の音声を聞きながら話の内容を修正していく〈個人内フィードバック〉と,聞き手の身ぶりや返答を確かめながら修正していく〈個人間フィードバック〉という概念を導入している。個人間の会話ではこれらのフィードバックが常に機能しコミュニケーション・システムを制御しているが,他方,高度な機械技術を使って不特定多数の大衆に情報を同時に伝達するマス・コミュニケーションにおいては受け手からのフィードバックが少なく,伝達が一方的になる傾向がみられる。…

※「オズグッド,C.E.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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