Callao (English spelling)

Japanese: カヤオ（英語表記）Callao

A city on the Pacific coast in central Peru. It is a port city adjacent to the west of the capital Lima, and serves as its outer port, as well as being part of the Lima-Callao metropolitan area. Administratively, it is a special district that does not belong to a prefecture, including the surrounding islands. It is located on the south bank of the Limac River, which flows down from the Andes, and has a natural harbor protected from the open sea by a long, narrow cape jutting out to the southwest and San Lorenzo Island offshore. It was built in 1537 by F. Pizarro, the conqueror of the Inca Empire, and used it as a shipping port for gold and silver captured from the Inca to Spain. Although it was often attacked by pirates from European countries, it prospered as a major port on the Pacific coast of South America during the colonial period. After being destroyed by a tsunami caused by an earthquake in 1746, it was rebuilt a little further away, and in the 1970s, Real Filipe Fort was built. During the Peruvian War of Independence, the Spanish army often surrounded the port, but in 1823, South American liberator S. Bolivar landed there, and in 1826 the Spanish army finally surrendered and abandoned the port. In 1851, the first railway in South America was opened between the port and Lima. After that, the port was damaged by bombardment by the Spanish fleet, occupation by the Chilean army, and a major earthquake in 1940, but it gradually developed along with the development of Lima. The population also increased, and it is now the third largest city in the country after Lima and Arequipa. The port facilities have been modernized since the 1930s, and in the 1950s, it was further improved and expanded with the assistance of the World Bank, and is now the largest port in the country, shipping ores, concentrates, fishmeal, fish oil, etc. and importing wheat, machinery, etc. It also forms the largest industrial area in the country along with Lima, and the city has factories for beer, fishmeal, flour, lumber, sugar, etc., as well as a shipyard. La Punta, located at the tip of a cape in the southwestern suburbs, is known as a beach resort and is home to the National Polytechnic University of Callao. Jorge Chavez International Airport is located on the north bank of the Limac River. The city has an area of 147 ^{km2 and} a population of 572,300 (estimated in 1991).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

ペルー中部，太平洋岸の都市。首都リマの西に隣接する港湾都市で，その外港となっているとともに，リマ＝カヤオ大都市圏の一部をなす。行政的には周辺の島を含めて県に属さない特別区を構成。アンデス山脈から流下してくるリマク川の南岸にあり，南西方向に突出した細長い岬とその沖合いにあるサンロレンソ島によって外洋から守られた天然の良港をもつ。 1537年インカ帝国の征服者 F.ピサロが建設し，インカから奪った金銀のスペイン本国への積出港とした。しばしばヨーロッパ諸国の海賊に襲われたが，植民地時代は南アメリカ太平洋岸の主要港として繁栄。 1746年の地震に伴う津波で破壊されたのち，やや離れたところに再建され，70年代にはレアルフィリペ要塞が築かれた。ペルーの独立戦争時にはスペイン軍がしばしば包囲したが，1823年南アメリカの解放者 S.ボリバルが上陸，26年スペイン軍は最終的に降伏し，港を放棄。 51年南アメリカ最初の鉄道がリマとの間に開通。その後スペイン艦隊による砲撃，チリ軍による占領，1940年の大地震などで被害を受けたが，リマの発展に伴って次第に発展。人口も増加し，現在リマ，アレキパに次ぐ同国第3の大都市となっている。港湾施設は 30年代以降近代化が進み，50年代には世界銀行の援助を得てさらに整備，拡充され，現在同国最大の港として，鉱石，精鉱，魚粉，魚油などを積出し，コムギ，機械などを輸入する。またリマとともに同国最大の工業地帯を形成，市内にはビール，魚粉，製粉，製材，製糖などの工場があり，造船所も立地する。南西郊，岬の先端にあるラプンタは海浜保養地として知られ，国立カヤオ工科大学がある。リマク川北岸にホルヘチャベス国際空港がある。面積 147km²。人口 57万 2300 (1991推計) 。

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