This phenomenon occurs when a plate or rod that constitutes a machine or structure has a hole, notch, or foreign object, and the cross-sectional shape suddenly changes, causing a locally higher stress than in other places. The ratio of the maximum stress generated locally to the average stress (also called the nominal stress) of the target cross section is called the stress concentration factor (or shape factor). This value does not generally lead to destruction, but if it is large, it is dangerous, so it must be kept small. It can be calculated by elastic analysis such as the finite element method, or by stress measurement methods such as the photoelastic method. The stress concentration factor has the following properties. (1) If the shape and loading type are given, it will be a constant value regardless of the elastic coefficient. (2) For the same shape, the value decreases in the order of tension, bending, shear (→ slip), and torsion. (3) In two-dimensional problems, it is not affected by Poisson's ratio except when the boundary condition is specified by displacement. (4) In three-dimensional problems, it is affected by Poisson's ratio, but the effect is small. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
機械や構造物を構成する板や棒材そのほかに,穴や切り欠き,異物などがあって,断面形状が急変するところに他よりも局所的に高い応力が生じる現象をいう。局所的に生じる最高の応力と対象とする断面の平均応力(公称応力ともいう)との比を応力集中係数(または形状係数)と呼ぶ。この値は一般に破壊とは直結しないが,大きければ危険を伴うので,小さく抑える必要がある。有限要素法に代表される弾性解析か,光弾性法などの応力測定法により求められる。応力集中係数には次の性質がある。(1) 形状および荷重形式が与えられれば弾性係数によらず一定値となる。(2) 同一の形状に対して,引っ張り,曲げ,剪断(→ずれ),ねじりの順に値が小さくなる。(3) 二次元問題では,境界条件が変位で指定される場合を除いてポアソン比の影響を受けない。(4) 三次元問題では,ポアソン比の影響を受けるがその影響は小さい。
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