Onin War - Onin no Ran

Japanese: 応仁の乱 - おうにんのらん

A great conflict that lasted for 11 years from 1467 (Onin 1) to 1477 (Bunmei 9), in which lords and lords from various provinces were divided into two armies, eastern and western, led by Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Mochitoyo (also known as Yamana Sozen), and fought mainly in Kyoto. It is also known as the Onin-Bunmei War.

[Akira Imatani]

Cause of the turmoil

The Muromachi Shogunate was essentially a coalition government of powerful Shugo Daimyo based on the Shugo domain system, but the Shogun's power also had its own power base, including magistrates and servants, and the Shogunate government was developed based on the balance of power among the powerful Shugo. After the reign of Shogun Yoshimitsu, who exercised the Shogun's personal discretion to the greatest extent, the Shogunate government was mainly run by the Council of Senior Vassals, composed of powerful Shugo Daimyo, mainly the Three Kanrei and Four Offices, as the decision-making body for political affairs, but after the Kakitsu War (1441), the balance between the Daimyo began to deteriorate significantly. After Shiba Yoshiatsu died in 1433 (Eikyō 5), Shogun Yoshinori intervened in the succession of the family head, inciting internal conflict within the family and weakening the Akamatsu clan, and the Kakitsu War also led to the downfall of the Akamatsu clan. In 1454 (the third year of the Kyotoku era), the Hatakeyama clan also experienced internal conflict over the succession rights of their head, Mochikuni. In other words, as a result of the culling of powerful feudal lord families that could have participated in the shogunate government, the functioning of the Council of Senior Vassals became paralyzed. This led to the phenomenon of female aides, such as the Shogun's birth mother Hino Shigeko and wet nurse Imamai no Tsubone, interfering in the Shogunate's administration, and after Imamai no Tsubone was executed, the power of aides who were not shugo families, such as Mandokoro Shitsuji Ise Sadachika and Shokokuji Inryokenshu Kikei Shinzui, rose to power, and the Shogunate fell into chaos. In addition, since 1441 (Kakitsu 1), Tokusei Ikki (uprisings of virtue) occurred frequently every few years, dealing a blow to the management of the Doso (warehouses) and sake shops, which were the financial base of the Shogunate. In the provinces, the shogunate's financial base became increasingly unstable due to the secession of manors by local lords, including the shogunate's direct-controlled territories and the Gozan Zen temple territories, and the like. In this situation, the Yamana clan inherited the Akamatsu clan's territories during the Kakitsu Rebellion and grew into a powerful shugo with seven provinces spread across Sanin and Sanyo. The Hosokawa clan also maintained eight provinces spread across Kinai, Shikoku, and Sanyo without any internal disputes within the clan, and these two shugo families divided the naval power of the Seto Inland Sea and competed for dominance in the shogunate government. The leaders of these two forces were Yamana Mochitoyo, a former head of the samurai dokoro who was known as Aka-nyudo, and kanrei Hosokawa Katsumoto.

Although the abovementioned trends in the shogunate and the power relationships among the powerful shugo were the background to the outbreak of the rebellion, the direct cause of the rebellion was something else. The position of Yamashiro shugo, which was an important position that controlled Kyoto militarily along with the head of the samurai office, had been held by the Hatakeyama clan since 1449 (Hōtoku 1). In 1450, Hatakeyama Mochikuni handed over his territory to his biological son Yoshinari, which led to a conflict between him and his adopted son Masanaga. Masanaga turned to Hosokawa Katsumoto, and as a result, Yoshinari was expelled from the shogunate in 1460 (Kanshō 1) and was pursued and exiled to Yamato. As a result, Yoshinari felt intense hostility towards Masanaga, who later inherited the headship of the Hatakeyama clan and the position of Yamashiro shugo, and was looking for an opportunity to regain the position. During this internal strife within the Hatakeyama clan, Hosokawa Katsumoto supported Masanaga throughout, and Yamana Mochitoyo also initially followed Katsumoto, but eventually switched sides to Yoshinari's side after noticing Yoshinari's military talents as he fought alone against the Shogunate forces. Other direct triggers of the rebellion included the conflict between Shiba Yoshikado and Yoshitoshi, and the antagonism between Shogun Yoshimasa and his successor Yoshimi due to the birth of Yoshihisa, his biological son, but these were not particularly significant in the context of the course of the rebellion. The basis of the conflict between the two sides was the fight between Hatakeyama Yoshinari and Masanaga, and the rivalry between the powerful shugo families of Yamana and Hosokawa who supported Yoshinari.

[Akira Imatani]

Progress of the Rebellion

In September 1466 (Bunsho 1), Shogun Yoshimasa, based on the opinions of Sadachika Ise and Shinzui Kien, replaced Yoshikazu with Yoshimino as head of the Shiba clan, and also provoked the various feudal lords to try to assassinate Ashikaga Yoshimi. Mochitoyo, who supported Yoshikazu, and Katsumoto, who supported Yoshimi, concentrated their military forces in Kyoto, while Sadachika and Shinzui fled to Omi (Shiga Prefecture). This incident is known as the Bunsho Coup, and Yoshimasa's inner circle collapsed, and the shogunate government became a battlefield for leadership, with Katsumoto and Mochitoyo in fierce conflict. The Mochitoyo faction was quicker to concentrate forces in Kyoto, and at the end of that year, a large army under the brave general Hatakeyama Yoshinari entered the capital from Yamato, and Mochitoyo urged Yoshimasa to return Shiba Yoshikane to his post as shugo (military governor) of Echizen, Owari, and Totomi provinces, and in January 1467 (Onin 1), Yoshinari regained his position as head of the Hatakeyama clan. This left Masanaga in a difficult position, and on the 18th of that month, he challenged Yoshinari's army at Kamigoryo in Yamashiro, thus starting a war that would last for around ten years. However, Masanaga was late to the initial battle and was defeated, and the Mochitoyo faction gained complete control of the shogunate. Katsumoto took advantage of the Mochitoyo faction's complacency in the victory mood and launched a counterattack in the provinces. He sent his troops from his provinces to Kyoto, while he had Akamatsu Masanori attack the three provinces of Harima, Bizen, and Mimasaka to check the Yamana clan. He also had Shiba Yoshitoshi invade Echizen, Takeda Nobukata invade Wakasa, and Toki Masayasu invade Ise and the provinces under the Mochitoyo faction's shugo. In May of the same year, he succeeded in occupying the Hana no Gosho with the help of the Shogunate's servants. With this occupation of the Shogun's residence, Katsumoto was able to recover from the initial disadvantage, and Mochitoyo's faction was forced to set up camp west of the Horikawa River. From then on, Katsumoto's faction came to be called the Eastern Army, and Mochitoyo's faction came to be called the Western Army. The shugo who joined the eastern army were the Hosokawa clan, Hatakeyama Masanaga, Takeda Nobukata, Kyogoku Mochikiyo, Akamatsu Masanori, Togashi Masachika, and Shiba Yoshitoshi, while the western army consisted of the Yamana clan, Hatakeyama Yoshinari, Yoshimune, Shiba Yoshikane, Rokkaku Takayori, Isshiki Yoshinao, Toki Shigeyori, Kono Michiharu, and Ouchi Masahiro, but no daimyo from Kyushu or east of Shinano (Nagano prefecture) joined. Taking advantage of the advantageous position of having the Shogun under their command, the Eastern Army gradually stripped the Western Army daimyo of their positions of Shugo and replaced them with clans and daimyo who were on their own side; however, the Western Army daimyo also used their strength to resist the newly appointed Shugo, and the war became protracted and reached a stalemate.

On May 26, 1467 (Onin 1), the Battle of Kyoto took place. The Eastern forces surrounded the residence of Isshiki Yoshinao, and the fighting escalated. At one point, Katsumoto's side appeared to have the upper hand, but in the autumn of that year, large armies from Yamana and Ouchi entered the city, and the Western forces regained ground. The Western forces occupied key locations in the city, such as the Shogun's residence and Shokoku-ji Temple, and drove the Eastern forces outside the city. In particular, Hatakeyama Yoshitsugu's army occupied the area from To-ji Temple to Nishioka, and, calling himself the "Protector of Yamashiro," ruled the southern Kyoto region by force for nearly ten years until the end of the rebellion. In 1468, most of the major shrines and temples outside the city were also burned down. These were the activities of mercenary groups known as "ashigaru" (foot soldiers) and "shisso no to" (running soldiers), who were commanded by Honekawa Doken, a subordinate of the Samurai-dokoro Shoshidai Tagata Takatada, in the Eastern Army, and by a certain Mizushi, a local Yamashiro lord, in the Western Army. This civil war is said to have been the first large-scale war in which mercenary groups formed the main fighting force. Even if the mobilized forces of the two armies, as stated in the Oninki, of 160,000 in the Eastern Army and 110,000 in the Western Army, are exaggerated, troops composed of cavalry, half-armored soldiers, and laborers were requisitioned from each manor and village, mainly consisting of manor officials and local lords, and ashigaru mercenaries such as Kyochu Akuto and Shisso no to were also recruited from around Kyoto. The latter's achievements were particularly notable because it was difficult for local peasant armies to stay in Tokyo for long periods of time.

After three years, the center of the battle shifted to the provinces, but in 1471 (Bunmei 3), the return of Asakura Takakage, the deputy governor of Echizen, to the shogunate sealed the advantage of the Eastern Army, and when the commanders of both sides, Mochitoyo and Katsumoto, died in succession in 1473, the leaders of both sides became filled with a sense of war weariness. In particular, when Masatoyo, head of the Yamana clan, returned to the eastern camp and was appointed governor of Yamashiro by the shogunate, the initial image of a conflict between the Hosokawa and Yamana clans completely faded, and the situation changed to one in which the two Hatakeyama clans, the original driving forces behind the war, Masanaga and Yoshinari, represented both sides and called for a fight to the end. Thus, in September 1477 (Bunmei 9), Hatakeyama Yoshinari left Yamashiro, which he had occupied for a long time, and in November of the same year, Ouchi Masahiro, Toki Shigeyori and others retreated to their own provinces, finally bringing the war centered in Kyoto to an end. Masahiro and Shigeyori were given back the positions of shugo they had held before the war, but Yoshinari was not pardoned. With no other way to survive than to build up a base by force, he launched an attack on Masanaga's forces in Kawachi with all his might. As a result, the war continued and expanded in Kawachi, Yamato and Minamiyamashiro, and Yoshinari completely conquered Kawachi within the same year, bringing Yamato under his control, invaded Minamiyamashiro in 1482 (Bunmei 14), and the following year he forcibly occupied the area south of the Uji River, eventually sparking an uprising in Yamashiro Province.

[Akira Imatani]

Consequences of the Rebellion

If we look at the Onin War as centered on the conflict between Yoshinari and Masanaga, the true end of the conflict was the establishment of the Yamashiro Province Uprising in 1485 (Bunmei 17), and it can be said that the independence and growth of the farmers and local lords in Kinai put an end to the meaningless conflict between the shugo daimyo. After that, the daimyo who participated in the war found it difficult to rule their provinces through the authority of the shogunate, and were forced to secure the right to govern their territories by force. In addition, the shogunate's actual territory, that is, the area over which the shogunate's authority could reach, gradually decreased, and through the Rokkaku Conquest in 1487 (Chokyou 1) and the Kawachi Campaign in 1493 (Meio 2), the shogunate's mobilized forces were limited to the shugo army and hokoshu in the Kinai and neighboring provinces, and the shogunate's exercise of judicial power was also limited to Kinai. In this way, it was the Hosokawa clan that began to use force to suppress the Muromachi shogunate, which had become a de facto Kinai government. Unlike other daimyo, the Hosokawa clan did not engage in any disputes over succession and maintained their tribal ties, their leaders remained stationed in Kyoto throughout the war and after it, and after they forced the dethronement of the shogun in a coup in April 1493 and assassinated their political rival Hatakeyama Masanaga, they completely seized control of the shogunate. The prevailing theory is that this year, when the Hosokawa clan set out on the path to becoming Sengoku daimyo in the Kinai region, marked the beginning of the Sengoku period. The various institutions of the shogunate, such as the shogun's steward, the samurai-dokoro kaikou, and the yuhitsukata, came to be, in effect, administrative organs of the Hosokawa clan.

In the provinces, the dissolution of the manor system was decisive, and the shugodai class and powerful local lords rose to power, some of whom became warring lords themselves. The final collapse of the medieval state framework based on the manor system and the local lord system was also an important result of this rebellion. Therefore, the prevailing theory is that this great rebellion marked a turning point in Japanese history that divided the country into two. On the other hand, despite the chaos caused by the war, a new style of thought and art called Higashiyama culture, which was a fusion of nobles, samurai, and Zen, was born around Yoshimasa's Jodo-ji villa, and was spread to the provinces by monks and nobles who fled the war to the provinces. This culture had the important aspect of becoming established in the lifestyle of the common people, and is significant as the source of the culture of the common people in the early modern period. Nara, which escaped the destruction of the war, developed into a major city second only to Kyoto, and Nakamura in Tosa, where Ichijo Norifusa fled the rebellion, Yamaguchi in Suo, and Toda in Izumo, where many Zen monks from Kyoto took refuge, became emerging cities and cultural centers in the western part of the country, coupled with the protection of Sengoku daimyo.

[Akira Imatani]

"The Onin War" by Ryoichi Suzuki (Iwanami Shinsho)" ▽ "The Onin War" by Fukutaro Nagashima (1968, Shibundo)" ▽ "The Onin War and Bunmei War" by Yasuhiko Inagaki (included in "Iwanami Lecture Series: Japanese History 7, Middle Ages 3", old edition, 1963, Iwanami Shoten)"

Distribution of forces on both sides during the Onin War
©Shogakukan ">

Distribution of forces on both sides during the Onin War

Areas affected by the Onin War
©Shogakukan ">

Areas affected by the Onin War

The spread of culture to other regions after the Onin War
©Shogakukan ">

The spread of culture to other regions after the Onin War

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1467年（応仁1）～1477年（文明9）の11年間にわたり、細川勝元(ほそかわかつもと)と山名持豊(やまなもちとよ)（山名宗全(そうぜん)）とをそれぞれの大将として、諸国の大・小名が東西両軍に分属し、京都を主戦場として戦った大乱。応仁・文明(ぶんめい)の乱ともいう。

［今谷　明］

乱の原因

室町幕府は基本的には、守護領国制を基盤とする有力守護大名の連合政権的性格をもつが、将軍権力も奉行人(ぶぎょうにん)、奉公衆(ほうこうしゅう)など独自の権力基盤をもち、有力守護の勢力均衡のうえに幕政を展開していた。将軍親裁権を最高度に発揮した将軍義満(よしみつ)の代を過ぎると、幕政は主として三管領(さんかんれい)、四職(ししき)家を中心とする有力守護大名で構成される重臣会議が政務議決機関として機能していたが、嘉吉(かきつ)の乱（1441）を経過すると、大名間の均衡が大きく崩れてきた。1433年（永享5）に斯波義淳(しばよしあつ)が死去するや、将軍義教(よしのり)が家督相続に介入、一族の内紛を誘発させて同氏を弱体化し、嘉吉の乱によって赤松氏も没落。1454年（享徳3）には畠山(はたけやま)氏も当主持国(もちくに)の家督継承権をめぐって内紛が起こった。すなわち、幕政に参与しうる有力大名家が淘汰(とうた)された結果、重臣会議の機能は麻痺(まひ)するに至ったのである。ここにおいて将軍の生母日野重子(ひのしげこ)や、乳人(めのと)今参局(いままいりのつぼね)など側近の女性が幕政に容喙(ようかい)する現象を生じ、今参局が処刑されてのちは、政所執事(まんどころしつじ)伊勢貞親(いせさだちか)や相国寺(しょうこくじ)蔭凉軒主(いんりょうけんしゅ)季瓊真蘂(きけいしんずい)ら守護家でない側近勢力が台頭して、幕政は混乱状態に陥った。加うるに、1441年（嘉吉1）以来数年ごとに徳政一揆(とくせいいっき)が頻発して、幕府の財政基盤である土倉(どそう)、酒屋などの経営に打撃を与えた。地方では関東の幕府離脱、戦乱長期化や、国人(こくじん)層による幕府直轄領、五山禅院領を含む荘園(しょうえん)押領が相次ぎ、幕府の財政基盤も不安定の度を加えていったのである。このような状況のなかで、山名氏は嘉吉の乱によって赤松氏の遺領を継承して、山陰山陽にわたる7か国の分国をもつ有力守護に成長し、細川氏もまた畿内(きない)、四国、山陽に8か国の分国を、一族の内紛もなく無傷に維持し、この両守護家が、瀬戸内制海権を両分する形で幕政の主導権を争う形勢となった。この両勢力の領袖(りょうしゅう)は、赤入道とよばれた前侍所頭人(さむらいどころとうにん)の山名持豊と、管領細川勝元である。

　前記のような幕政の動向、有力守護の勢力関係を背景とはしつつも、乱勃発(ぼっぱつ)の直接的原因は別のところにあった。侍所頭人とともに京都を軍事的に押さえる要職であった山城(やましろ)守護職は、1449年（宝徳1）以来、畠山氏が兼務していたが、1450年畠山持国は、実子の義就(よしなり)に所領を譲り、養子の政長との間に対立が生まれた。政長は細川勝元を頼り、その結果1460年（寛正1）に義就は幕府を追放され、追討を受ける身となり、大和(やまと)に亡命した。そのためその後畠山氏の家督と山城守護を継承した政長に対し、義就は激しい敵意をもち、家督と山城守護奪回の機をねらっていたのである。この畠山氏内訌(ないこう)に、細川勝元は終始政長を支持し、山名持豊も当初は勝元に従ってはいたが、幕軍を相手に孤軍奮戦する義就の軍事的才幹に注目し、ついには義就派に回ることになる。乱の直接的契機としては、ほかに斯波義廉(しばよしかど)・義敏(よしとし)の対立、実子義尚(よしひさ)の誕生による将軍義政(よしまさ)と跡目義視(よしみ)の反目があるが、乱の経過からみてさして重要な意味はもたない。両軍対立の基本はあくまで畠山義就・政長の争いと、それに加担する山名、細川らの有力守護家の角逐である。

［今谷　明］

乱の経過

1466年（文正1）9月、将軍義政は伊勢貞親、季瓊真蘂らの意見具申に基づいて、斯波家の家督を義廉から義敏に更迭し、あわせて足利義視を暗殺しようとして諸大名を刺激した。義廉派の持豊、義視派の勝元は分国の軍勢を京都に集中し、貞親、真蘂は近江(おうみ)（滋賀県）に逃亡した。これが文正(ぶんしょう)の政変とよばれる事件で、義政の側近政治は崩壊し、幕閣は勝元、持豊が激しく対立抗争する主導権争いの場と化した。京都への兵力集中は持豊派のほうが迅速で、同年末には驍将(ぎょうしょう)畠山義就の大軍が大和から入京するに至り、持豊は義政に強請して斯波義廉を越前(えちぜん)、尾張(おわり)、遠江(とおとうみ)3国の守護職に還補せしめ、1467年（応仁1）1月には義就が畠山氏の家督に返り咲いた。このため窮地に陥った政長は同月18日、山城上御霊(かみごりょう)において義就軍に挑戦、ここに前後10年に及ぶ戦乱の火ぶたが切られた。しかし、緒戦に立ち遅れた政長はあえなく敗走し、持豊派は完全に幕府を掌握した。勝元は、戦勝気分に油断している持豊派のすきを縫って地方で反撃に転じ、分国軍勢を入京させる一方、赤松政則(あかまつまさのり)に播磨(はりま)、備前(びぜん)、美作(みまさか)3国を衝(つ)かしめて山名氏を牽制(けんせい)、また斯波義敏には越前(えちぜん)を、武田信賢(たけだのぶかた)には若狭(わかさ)を、土岐政康(ときまさやす)には伊勢と持豊派守護の分国に侵入させ、同年5月には幕府奉公衆の援助を得て花の御所を占拠することに成功した。この将軍邸占拠で勝元は緒戦の不利を取り戻し、やむなく持豊方は堀川(ほりかわ)の西に陣を構えた。以後、勝元一派を東軍、持豊派を西軍と称することとなった。東軍に参加した守護は細川氏、畠山政長、武田信賢、京極持清(きょうごくもちきよ)、赤松政則、富樫政親(とがしまさちか)、斯波義敏らで、西軍は山名氏、畠山義就・義統(よしむね)、斯波義廉、六角高頼(ろっかくたかより)、一色義直(いっしきよしただ)、土岐成頼(しげより)、河野通春(こうのみちはる)、大内政弘(おおうちまさひろ)という面々で、九州と信濃(しなの)（長野県）以東の大名は加わっていない。東軍は将軍を擁する有利な立場から、西軍諸大名の守護職を逐次剥奪(はくだつ)し、自派の一族や大名に補任(ぶにん)したが、西軍大名も実力をもって新任守護に抵抗し、戦況は長期化、膠着(こうちゃく)状態の様相となった。

　1467年（応仁1）5月26日、京都市街戦が決行される。東軍が一色義直邸を包囲して戦火が拡大し、一時は勝元側が優勢にみえたが、同年秋に山名、大内の大軍が入京したため西側が盛り返し、西軍は将軍邸、相国寺など洛中(らくちゅう)の要所を占拠して東軍を洛外へ追い払った。なかんずく畠山義就軍は東寺から西岡(にしおか)一帯を占拠し、自ら「山城守護」と称して乱終息時まで10年近く洛南地方を実力で支配した。1468年には洛外の主要社寺もほとんど兵火にみまわれた。これらは「足軽(あしがる)」「疾走(しっそう)の徒」とよばれる傭兵(ようへい)集団の活動によるもので、東軍では侍所(さむらいどころ)所司代(しょしだい)多賀高忠(たがたかただ)の配下骨皮道賢(ほねかわどうけん)、西軍では山城土豪御厨子(みずし)某といった人々が彼らを差配した。この内乱は、傭兵集団が主要戦力を構成した最初の大規模な戦乱であるといわれる。東軍16万、西軍11万という『応仁記』の両軍の動員兵力には誇張があるとしても、各荘園、郷村からは荘官、在地土豪層を中心に騎馬、半甲冑(はんかっちゅう)、人夫で構成される兵団が徴発され、さらに京都周辺では京中悪党、疾走の徒など足軽傭兵が補充された。後者の活躍が目だったのは、地方の農民軍隊では長期の在京が困難だったからである。

　3年目を経過すると、戦局の中心は地方に移ったが、1471年（文明3）、越前守護代朝倉孝景(あさくらたかかげ)の幕府帰参は東軍の優勢を決定づけ、1473年に両軍の総帥持豊と勝元が相次いで死去すると、両軍首脳には厭戦(えんせん)気分がみなぎった。ことに山名氏惣領(そうりょう)の政豊が東陣に帰参し、幕府から山城守護に補任されるに及んで、細川、山名両氏の対立という初期の構図はまったく色あせ、本来の立役者政長・義就の両畠山氏が両軍を代表した形で徹底抗戦を叫ぶ状況に変化したのである。かくして1477年（文明9）9月、畠山義就が長期にわたり占領していた山城を退去し、同年11月に大内政弘、土岐成頼らが分国に引き上げることにより、京都を中心とする戦乱はようやく収束にこぎ着けた。政弘、成頼らは乱前に保持していた守護職を還補されたが、義就のみはついに赦免されず、実力で地盤を構築するほか存立の道をとざされたため、奮迅の勢いで河内(かわち)の政長軍攻撃に乗り出す。したがって、河内、大和、南山城ではなお戦火が続行、拡大し、義就は同年中には完全に河内を制圧、大和を勢力下に収めて、1482年（文明14）には南山城に侵入、翌年には宇治川以南を実力占拠し、やがて山城国一揆を引き起こす。

［今谷　明］

乱の結果

応仁の乱をこのように義就、政長の抗争を軸としてみると、真に大乱が終息するのは1485年（文明17）の山城国一揆成立であり、畿内(きない)の農民、土豪の自立、成長が、無意味な守護大名の抗争に終止符を打ったという評価もできよう。以後、大乱に参加した諸大名は、幕府の権威による分国支配が困難となり、実力による領国統治権の確保の必要性に迫られることになった。また幕府の実質的支配領域、すなわち幕府の威令の届く範囲も漸次縮小され、1487年（長享1）の六角征伐、1493年（明応2）の河内出陣を通じて幕府の動員兵力は畿内近国の守護軍と奉公衆に限られるようになり、幕府の裁判権行使も畿内に限定されてくる。このように事実上、畿内政権と化した室町幕府を、実力で押さえるようになるのが細川氏であった。同氏は他の大名と異なって、家督紛争を起こさず族的結合を維持し、乱中乱後を通じて首脳部が京都に常駐し、1493年4月の政変で将軍の廃立を強行し、政敵畠山政長を暗殺してからは完全に幕閣の主導権を掌握した。細川氏が畿内において戦国大名化の道を踏み出したこの年を、戦国時代の始まりとする説が有力である。政所執事、侍所開闔(かいこう)、右筆方(ゆうひつかた)など幕府の諸機構は、事実上、細川氏の行政機関化するに至る。

　地方では荘園制の解体が決定的となり、守護代層や有力国人が台頭し、彼らのうちには自ら戦国大名化する者も出現した。荘園制と在地領主制を基軸とする中世国家の枠組みが最終的に崩壊するのも、この乱の重要な結果である。したがって、日本の歴史を二分する大きな時代転換の契機をこの大乱に求める説が有力である。一方、戦争による混乱にもかかわらず、義政の浄土寺山荘を中心に東山(ひがしやま)文化という公家(くげ)、武家、禅の融合による新しい思潮、芸術が発生し、戦乱を地方に避けた僧侶(そうりょ)や公卿(くぎょう)たちによってそれが地方に伝播(でんぱ)された。この文化は、庶民の生活様式のなかに定着するという重要な一面をもち、近世庶民文化の源流をなす意義をもつ。また、戦火を免れた奈良は京都に次ぐ大都市として発展し、一条教房(いちじょうのりふさ)が乱を避けた土佐(とさ)中村や、京の禅僧が多く流寓(りゅうぐう)した周防(すおう)山口、出雲(いずも)富田(とだ)は、戦国大名の庇護(ひご)とも相まって、西国における新興都市として文化の中心地となっていった。

［今谷　明］

『鈴木良一著『応仁の乱』（岩波新書）』▽『永島福太郎著『応仁の乱』（1968・至文堂）』▽『稲垣泰彦著「応仁・文明の乱」（『岩波講座　日本歴史7　中世3』所収・旧版・1963・岩波書店）』

応仁の乱の両軍勢力分布

応仁の乱の被災地域

応仁の乱後の文化の地方伝播

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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