A contiguous zone is a zone of water adjacent to the outside of a country's territorial waters where certain necessary regulations are permitted by the laws of the coastal country. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, this zone can be established as a zone adjacent to the territorial waters (12 nautical miles) and not exceeding 24 nautical miles. The contiguous zone is not under the exclusive control of a coastal country and the principles of freedom of the high seas, such as freedom of navigation, apply to it, but because it is a zone of water directly connected to the territorial waters, it is possible for that country to prevent and punish violations of its own laws regarding customs, finances, immigration control, and sanitation. For a long time, the great powers have exercised de facto jurisdiction over the oceans and waters outside their territorial waters, as seen in the British Loitering Act (1739) which aimed to prevent smuggling. The concept of contiguous zone is similar to that of the "customs zone" established by the United States in 1922 during the Prohibition era. Based on this, the United States concluded treaties with relevant countries and conducted inspections, searches, and seizures for smuggling of alcohol within a one-hour sailing distance from the coast. The first international treaty to explicitly define the contiguous zone was the "Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone" adopted at the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958, which stipulated that the contiguous zone is an area of the high seas extending 12 nautical miles from the baseline. Japan also joined this treaty, but did not establish a contiguous zone at that time. Subsequently, developing countries and others called for the expansion of coastal state authority, and advances in science and technology led to increased development and utilization of the ocean, raising the need to prevent overfishing and marine pollution, and the development of mineral resources on the deep seabed becoming a real issue. As a result, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea was held. Negotiations were protracted as opinions differed greatly among countries, but in 1982 the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted. This treaty stipulated that territorial waters could be established within a distance of no more than 12 nautical miles, so the contiguous zone was extended to 24 nautical miles, and an exclusive economic zone of up to 200 nautical miles was also established. The treaty came into force in 1994, and Japan ratified it in June 1996, amending the Law on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone to stipulate a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles. In recent years, large amounts of underground resources such as oil and natural gas have been discovered on the surrounding continental shelf, drawing attention to the sovereignty of the Senkaku Islands. The islands were incorporated into Japanese territory during the Meiji era and are still under Japan's effective control, but Taiwan and China have also begun to claim them as their own territory. Since Japan nationalized part of the Senkaku Islands in 2012, China Coast Guard vessels and other vessels have been seen frequently around the Senkaku Islands, and Chinese naval vessels and submarines have also been spotted sailing through them. Navigating through the contiguous zone is not a problem under international law, but the Japanese government has protested to the Chinese government in light of China's territorial ambitions. China has responded by claiming that it has tracked and monitored Self-Defense Force vessels that have entered China's contiguous zone. (Writer Toshihide Kanaya/2018) Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo |
領海の外側に隣接する海域に設定され、沿岸国の法令により一定の必要な規制を行うことが認められた水域。「海洋法に関する国際連合条約(国連海洋法条約)」により、領海(12カイリ)に接続し、24カイリを超えない範囲で設定できる。接続水域には沿岸国の排他的な支配は及ばず航行の自由などの公海自由の原則が適用されるが、領海にそのままつながる水域であることから、自国の通関、財政、出入国管理、衛生に関して法令の違反を防止することや処罰することができる。 密輸防止などを目的としたイギリス「徘徊法(条例)」(1739年)のように、古くから列強各国は領海外の海洋及び水域についても事実上の管轄権を行使してきた。接続水域の概念に近いものとしては、アメリカが禁酒法時代の1922年に定めた「関税水域」が挙げられる。アメリカはこれに基づいて関係各国と条約を結び、沿岸から航行1時間の範囲で酒の密輸についての臨検・捜索・拿捕(だほ)を行った。国際条約で接続水域について明示されたのは58年、第1次国連海洋法会議で採択された「領海及び接続水域に関する条約(領海条約)」で、接続水域は基線から12カイリまでの公海上の区域であると定めた。日本もこの条約に加わったが、このときに日本は接続水域を設定しなかった。その後、発展途上国などから沿岸国権限の拡大が求められ、科学技術の進歩で海洋の開発利用が進み資源の乱獲や海洋汚染防止の必要性が高まったことや深海底の鉱物資源開発が現実の課題となったことなどから第3次国連海洋法会議が開始された。各国の意見は大きく異なり交渉は長引いたが、82年には国連海洋法条約が採択された。この条約では、12カイリを超えない範囲で領海を設定できると定めたため、接続水域は24カイリまでとなり、200カイリまでの排他的経済水域も定められた。同条約は94年に発効、日本も96年6月に批准し、これに当たって「領海及び接続水域に関する法律」を改正して24カイリの接続水域を定めた。 近年、周辺大陸棚で石油や天然ガスなどの大量地下資源が発見され、尖閣諸島の領有権が注目されている。同諸島は明治時代に日本領に編入され現在も日本が実効支配しているが、台湾や中国も自国の領土であると主張するようになった。2012年に尖閣諸島の一部を日本が国有化したことを契機として、中国海警局の公船などが尖閣諸島周辺に頻繁に出没するようになり、中国海軍艦艇や潜水艦の航行も確認されている。接続水域の航行は国際法上では何ら問題ないが、中国の領土的野心なども鑑み、日本政府は中国政府に抗議している。中国側は逆に中国の接続水域に入った自衛隊艦艇を追跡、監視したなどと応酬している。 (金谷俊秀 ライター/2018年) 出典 (株)朝日新聞出版発行「知恵蔵」知恵蔵について 情報 |
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