Descriptive Geometry - Gahouki Kagaku

Japanese: 画法幾何学 - がほうきかがく
Descriptive Geometry - Gahouki Kagaku

It is a branch of geometry that studies the shape, size, position, etc. of three-dimensional spatial figures, i.e., those with length, width, and height, represented on a two-dimensional plane, i.e., those with only length and width. Projection and perspective are the most well-known and most important methods.

Projection projection is a method of converting a spatial figure into the original spatial figure by drawing its orthogonal projection onto two mutually perpendicular planes and then drawing the projection onto one plane. Perspective projection (also called central projection) is a method of projecting a spatial figure onto a plane with a point at a finite distance as the center, and then converting this into the original spatial figure.

Projection projection was started by the Frenchman Monge towards the end of the 18th century, and many people consider him to be the founder of descriptive geometry. Perspective projection originated from the ideas of Desargues and Pascal, but paved the way for so-called modern geometry, and was summarized by Poncelet and others to develop into projective geometry.

[Kentaro Yano]

[Reference] | Projective Geometry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

三次元、すなわち長さと幅と高さをもつ空間図形を、二次元、すなわち長さと幅しかもたない平面上に表し、その形、大きさ、位置などを研究する幾何学の一部門をいう。投影図法および透視図法がもっともよく知られ、また、もっとも重要な方法である。

 投影図法は、空間図形を、互いに垂直に交わる二つの平面上への正射影を一つの平面に描いて、これをもとの空間図形にかえる方法であり、透視図法(中心投影法ともいう)は、空間図形を、有限距離にある一点を中心として一平面上に射影し、これをもとの空間図形にかえる方法である。

 投影図法は18世紀の末ごろフランスのモンジュによって始められたもので、モンジュを画法幾何学の創始者とする人が多い。また、透視図法は、デザルグ、パスカルらの考えに端を発しているが、いわゆる近世幾何学への道を開き、ポンスレらによって総括されて射影幾何学へと発展した。

[矢野健太郎]

[参照項目] | 射影幾何学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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