Deductive reasoning - deductive reasoning

Japanese: 演繹的推理 - えんえきてきすいり
Deductive reasoning - deductive reasoning

...an abbreviation for deductive inference (reasoning), which is inference from more general situations to more specific situations. In natural science, the process of deriving conclusions about specific phenomena from general laws is a typical example of deductive inference.

From [Axioms]

...Systematizing a science in this way is called axiomatization. Euclidean geometry is nothing more than the name for the set of so-called geometric theorems that are obtained by using deductive reasoning with Euclidean axioms as basic premises. Representative examples of modern axiom systems include logic (a system including propositional logic and predicate logic), and natural number theory and set theory in mathematics, but we will first explain the axiom system of logic as an example. ...

From [Theorem]

…Generally, the derivation of a conclusion proposition B from a number of premise propositions A 1 , …, A n ( n ≧1) is called reasoning, and deductive reasoning (or logical reasoning) and inductive reasoning are typical examples. However, in the strict sense, reasoning often refers to logically correct reasoning. …

From [Logic]

…the science of logic. We can characterize logic very loosely as the process of human thought, or the structure of knowledge that is the product of thought.
[Thinking/Knowledge]
When we "think," we take the world that exists prior to our thinking as our object, and make a judgment that such and such a state of affairs exists there. We then infer something based on this factual judgment. The human act generally known as thinking emerges precisely during this process of inference.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "deductive reasoning" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…より一般的な事態からより特殊的な事態へと推論するところの〈演繹的推理(推論)deductive inference(reasoning)〉の略称。自然科学において一般的な法則から当面の特殊な事象に関する結論を導き出す過程は,この演繹的推理の代表的な例である。…

【公理系】より

…このような形で学問を体系化することを公理化axiomatizationという。ユークリッド幾何学とは,ユークリッドの公理を基本的前提として,演繹的推理を用いることによって得られる,いわゆる幾何学的諸定理の総体の呼称にほかならない。 現代における公理系の代表例には,論理学(命題論理と述語論理を含む体系),数学における自然数論と集合論などがあるが,まず論理学の公理系を例として説明を加えよう。…

【推理】より

…一般的には,いくつかの前提命題A1,……,An(n≧1)からある一つの結論命題Bを導き出すことを推理(推論reasoning)といい,演繹的推理(または論理的推理)と帰納的推理がその代表的な例であるといえる。しかし厳密な意味での〈推理〉としては,論理的に正しい推理をさすことが多い。…

【論理学】より

…論理についての科学。われわれは論理をごくおおまかに,人間の思考の筋道,あるいは思考の成果としての知識の構造と特徴づけることができる。
[思考・知識]
 われわれがものを〈考える〉とき,われわれは思考に先立ち存立する世界を対象とし,そこにはかくかくの事態がなりたつという判断をくだす。次にわれわれは,この事実判断を基礎(前提)にして,ある事柄を推論する。一般に思考と称せられる人間の行為は,まさにこの推論の過程において現れるのである。…

※「演繹的推理」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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