Haikou

A prefecture-level city at the northern tip of Hainan Island in Hainan Province, China. It is the capital of Hainan Province. It has a population of 1,653,100 (2014). It has jurisdiction over four city districts (as of 2016). There are sea routes to Guangzhou and Zhanjiang on the mainland, and there is also an air route to Guangzhou. It is the island's largest trading port, and the old Nandu River Port has been subject to silting, so Xiuying Port in the west is now the main port. The city has shipbuilding, machinery, chemical fertilizer, and other factories, and is known for its specialty products such as coconut shell crafts and coral processing.

During the Song dynasty, the port was opened and called Baishajin, but during the Ming dynasty, when the port was renovated to prepare for Japanese pirates, the name was changed to Haikouwei. In 1858, the Treaty of Tianjin made it a trading port with other countries. The Qiongshan district in the south was the land of Qiongzhou, which had been developed since the Han dynasty, and there are many historical sites in the vicinity. Among the most famous are the Shrine of the Five Lords, which enshrines Li Deyu, Li Gang (1083-1140), Li Guang (1078-1159), Zhao Ding (1085-1147), and Hu Quan (1102-1180), who were exiled to this area during the Tang and Song dynasties, the Hainan First Building built by Su Dongpo (Su Shi), and the Tomb of Hailui. In recent years, the area has become a tourist destination, with beaches and hotels being developed and constructed.

[Aoki Chieko, Kono Michihiro, editorial department, December 12, 2016]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、海南(かいなん)省の海南島北端にある地級市。海南省の省都である。人口165万3100（2014）。4市轄区を管轄する（2016年時点）。大陸の広州(こうしゅう)、湛江(たんこう)との間に航路が開かれ、また広州との間には航空路がある。島内第一の貿易港で、古い港である南渡江(なんとこう)河港は土砂の堆積が進み、現在は西部の秀英(しゅうえい)港が中心である。市内には造船、機械、化学肥料などの工場があり、特産物として椰子殻(やしがら)細工、珊瑚(さんご)加工が知られる。

　宋(そう)代に港が開かれ、白沙津(はくさしん)と称されたのに始まり、明(みん)代に倭寇(わこう)に備えて港を修築した際にその名を海口衛と改めた。1858年天津(てんしん)条約により諸外国との通商地となった。南部の瓊山(けいざん)区は漢代より開けた瓊州の地であり、付近には史跡が多い。なかでも唐・宋代にこの地に流された李徳裕(りとくゆう)、李綱(りこう)（1083―1140）、李光(りこう)（1078―1159）、趙鼎(ちょうてい)（1085―1147）、胡銓(こせん)（1102―1180）を祀(まつ)る五公祠(ごこうし)、蘇東坡(そとうば)（蘇軾(そしょく)）の建てた海南第一楼、海瑞(かいずい)の墓などが有名。近年観光地化が進んで、海水浴場、ホテルなどが整備、建設された。

［青木千枝子・河野通博・編集部　2016年12月12日］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例