Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Japanese: 過敏性肺臓炎 - かびんせいはいぞうえん
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

It is an interstitial pneumonia accompanied by granuloma formation that occurs when an individual who has been sensitized through repeated inhalation of organic dust containing fungal spores, avian serum proteins, excretions, and other foreign protein antigens inhales the same antigen again. It is also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, and is caused by type III and type IV allergic reactions. In addition to farmer's lung disease and sugarcane lung disease caused by fungal spores from hay or sugarcane, there are many other types, such as bird breeder's lung disease, humidifier lung disease, and air-conditioning disease. In Japan, the causative antigen has not yet been identified, but summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis, which occurs in the summer, is common.

A few hours after exposure to the causative antigen, symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, fever, chills, and muscle pain appear, and crackles and vesicular rales are heard with a stethoscope. A chest X-ray shows a ground-glass appearance. If the patient is removed from the antigen, the symptoms will subside within a few days, but will reoccur if exposed again. If exposed to the antigen for a long period of time, the condition can progress to pulmonary fibrosis.

The principle of treatment is to avoid exposure to the causative antigen. In occupational cases, changing jobs is often necessary, but if this is not possible, ventilation should be improved and dust masks should be used. Steroids are effective in treating acute cases.

[Shozo Takahashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

真菌胞子および鳥類の血清タンパクや排泄(はいせつ)物、その他の異種タンパク抗原などを含む有機塵埃(じんあい)の反復吸入により感作された個体が、再度の同一抗原吸入によりおこす肉芽腫(しゅ)形成を伴う間質性肺炎である。外因性アレルギー性肺胞炎ともいい、Ⅲ型およびⅣ型アレルギー反応により生ずる。ほし草やサトウキビの真菌胞子による農夫肺症、サトウキビ肺症のほか、鳥飼育者肺症、加湿器肺症、空調病など多種のものがある。わが国ではまだ原因抗原が確定されていないが、夏に発病する夏型過敏性肺臓炎が多い。

 原因抗原暴露から数時間後に咳(せき)、呼吸困難、発熱、悪寒、筋肉痛などが現れ、聴診器によって捻髪(ねんぱつ)音、小水泡性ラ音が聴取される。胸部X線像はすりガラス状を呈する。抗原から遠ざかれば症状は数日で消退するが、再暴露の機会があればまた発症する。長期にわたり抗原に暴露されていると、肺線維症にまで進展する。

 治療は、原因抗原への暴露を回避することが原則である。職業的なものでは転職が必要となることが多いが、できない場合には換気の改善や防塵マスクを使用させる。急性期のものではステロイド剤が有効である。

[高橋昭三]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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