Grief is an emotion caused by a situation that is difficult to repair, such as losing a loved one or something, and is accompanied by not only sadness and emotional pain that makes one want to cry, but also feelings of resignation and helplessness. Grief is the core concept of grief, which is a psychological or physical reaction to loss, such as losing or letting go of something one was attached to. Grief is not only emotional, such as sadness or anger, but also four aspects of reactions, such as cognition, such as preoccupation with the deceased, behavior, such as searching for the deceased, and physical changes, such as physical complaints similar to those of the deceased. While the reaction itself is generally common to all human beings, its expression is determined by social norms, such as mourning rituals. According to Keigo Okonogi (1979), in psychoanalysis, the experience of losing a person, possession, environment, or part of the body that is the object of love or dependence through death or separation is called object loss, and the psychological process after the loss experience is called mourning. In terms of its psychological positioning, sadness is an emotion, a relatively strong emotion that arises suddenly and ends in a short time. Lazarus, RS (1991) distinguishes it from depression, which is accompanied by a depressive mood that continues for a certain period of time. According to Plutchik, R. (1962), it is one of the eight basic human emotions (joy, acceptance, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust, anticipation, and anger), and when these are arranged in a circle based on similarities, it is contrasted with joy as an emotion. Rather than specific behavior being expressed in response to the emotion of sadness, it is characterized by reduced activity and withdrawal, and may be accompanied by the phenomenon of tearing. In addition, it has two functions: repair and relief. Repair is a biological function that reduces activity, accumulates energy, and prepares a defense system in order to rebuild the individual (Plutchik, 1980). Izard, C.E. (1991) also states that helping is a social adaptive function that promotes helpful interactions by eliciting empathy, sympathy, protection, and assistance from others. Regarding the developmental process of sadness, there is a developmental theory by Lewis, M. (1993). According to this theory, sadness is one of the primitive emotions that can be observed by around 6 months of age, and is found at an early stage of development regardless of the individual's learning or experience. Also, according to Cole, PM (1986), sadness can be controlled by adjusting its intensity from 2 years of age (self-control of negative emotions such as furrowing the brow), neutralizing it (poker face) from 4 years of age, and masking it (forming an attitude that reverses the emotion, such as pretending to be happy even though you are sad) from 6 years of age. Furthermore, as ego functions develop in adults, they become able to deal with sadness using various psychological defense mechanisms. For example, repression, which is the act of banishing or suppressing sadness from consciousness. At first glance, this approach seems similar to alexithymia, a condition proposed by Sifneos, PE, that is one of the characteristics of psychosomatic patients in which awareness and expression of emotions is restricted; however, alexithymia is a functional disorder of the cerebrum, and is essentially different in that there is a neurophysiological divergence between the limbic system, which is the center of emotion, and the neocortex, which is the center of cognitive expression. Other ways to deal with sadness besides repression include indirectly satisfying oneself through altruism, such as providing constructive help to others, or using humor, which uses comedic elements to avoid causing discomfort not only to oneself but also to others. [Mariko Asai] Latest Sources Psychology Encyclopedia Latest Psychology Encyclopedia About Information |
愛する人や物を失うといった自分では修復することが困難な事態によって引き起こされる情動emotionであり,切なさや泣きたくなるような心の痛みだけでなく,あきらめや無力感を伴う。愛着を抱いていたものを奪われる,あるいは手放すといった喪失lossに対する心理的ないしは身体的反応である悲嘆griefにおける中核概念である。悲嘆とは,悲しみや怒りなどの情動だけでなく,故人への没頭などの認知,故人を探し求めるなどの行動,故人と類似した身体愁訴などの身体的変動といった4側面の反応からなり,反応自体は人類におおむね共通している一方で,その表出は喪の儀式に代表されるような社会的規範に規定される。また,小此木啓吾(1979)によれば,精神分析学では愛情や依存の対象である人物,所有物,環境,身体の一部などを死別あるいは別離によって失う体験を対象喪失object loss,喪失体験後の心理過程を悲哀mourningとよぶ。 心理学的位置づけとしては,悲しみは情動であり,急激に生起し短時間で終結する比較的強力な感情であるとされ,ラザラスLazarus,R.S.(1991)は,一定期間持続した抑うつ気分を伴ううつdepressionと区別している。プルチックPlutchik,R.(1962)によれば,人間の基本情動の8要素(喜び,受容,驚き,恐れ,悲しみ,嫌悪,期待,怒り)の一つであり,これらを類似性によって円環状にした場合には,喜びと対照的な情動として対置される。悲しみという情動に応じて特定の行動が発現するというよりも,むしろ活動の低下や引きこもりが特徴であり,落涙という現象を伴うことがある。さらに,修復と救援という二つの機能を有する。修復とは,活動を不活発にしてエネルギーを蓄積させ,防御体制を準備することで個人の立て直しを図るといった生物学的機能biological functionである(Plutchik,1980)。またイザードIzard,C.E.(1991)は,救援とは,他者からの共感・同情や保護・援助を引き出すことによって,援助的やりとりを促進させるといった社会的適応機能social adaptive functionであるとしている。 悲しみの発達過程に関しては,ルイスLewis,M.(1993)の発達理論がある。それによると,悲しみは生後6ヵ月ごろまでにはすでに観察される原始的情動の一つであり,個体の学習や経験によらず発達の早期段階から見いだされる。またコールCole,P.M.(1986)によれば,悲しみの制御は,2歳以降にその強弱の調整(眉間に皺を寄せるといったネガティブな情動の自己制御)が,4歳以降は中性化(ポーカーフェイス),6歳以降はマスキング(悲しいのに楽しそうに装うといった情動が逆転した態度形成)が可能になる。さらに成人では自我機能の発達に伴って,さまざまな心理的な防衛機制を用いた悲しみへの対処が可能になる。たとえば,意識から追い払う,あるいは抑えるといった抑圧repressionなどである。この対処は,シフニオスSifneos,P.E.が提唱した心身症患者の特徴の一つである感情への気づきや表現が制約された失感情症alexithymiaと一見似通ってはいるが,失感情症は大脳の機能障害であり,情動の中枢である辺縁系と認知表現の中枢である新皮質との神経生理学的な乖離がある点で本質的に異なる。抑圧以外の悲しみへの対処としては,他者への建設的な援助提供といった利他的行動altruismを通して自分も間接的に満足する,あるいは喜劇的要素を用いることで自分だけでなく他者にも不快感を与えないユーモアhumorの活用などがある。 〔浅井 真理子〕 出典 最新 心理学事典最新 心理学事典について 情報 |
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