Urban - Uruban

Japanese: ウルバン - うるばん
Urban - Uruban

... Ullambana is said to be a transliteration of ullambana, a Sanskrit word avalambana, meaning hanging upside down. It has been said that the origin of Ullambana was when, according to the Ullambana Sutra, Maudgalyayana, in an attempt to save his mother from the suffering of hanging down in the realm of hungry ghosts, established a ritual to make an offering to the Three Treasures according to the teachings of the Buddha. However, a recent theory has been put forward that ullabon originated from the Iranian word urvan, meaning the soul of the dead, and that the Urvan ritual, which was both a ritual for the soul and a harvest festival, was brought to China with the Iranian Sogdian's advance into China and combined with the Obon festival as a harvest festival in the field farming areas, and that the prototype of the Ullambana festival that is passed down today was established when Buddhists linked the day of self-indulgence to the Obon festival. Considering that the Sanskrit word ullambana was merely reconstructed by scholars based on the Ongi of the Complete Sutra and is not found in any actual Sanskrit documents, and that Ullambana has a strong character as a harvest festival, the urvan theory is worthy of attention.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Urban" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

… 盂蘭盆はサンスクリットavalambanaの転訛したullambanaの音写とされ,倒懸(さかさづり)の意で,《盂蘭盆経》によると,目連が餓鬼道に落ちた母の倒懸の苦しみを救おうとして,釈迦の教えに従って祭儀を設けて三宝に供養したことが起源であると説かれてきた。しかし最近ではこれを否定して,盂蘭盆の原語はイラン語系の死者の霊魂を意味するurvanであり,霊魂の祭祀と同時に収穫祭でもあったウルバンという祭祀が,イラン系ソグド人の中国進出とともに中国に伝えられ,畑作農業地帯の収穫祭として中元と結合したもので,仏教徒が自恣(じし)の日を中元に結びつけたことによって,今日に伝わる盂蘭盆会の原型が成立したとする説が出ている。サンスクリットのullambanaは《一切経音義》によって学者が復元したものにすぎず,実際のサンスクリット文献にはまったく見当たらないことや,盂蘭盆会には収穫祭としての性格が濃厚であることなどに着目すると,urvan説は注目される。…

※「ウルバン」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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