The ratio of annual precipitation to annual average temperature. Richard Lang noticed the close relationship between soil and climate, and published this index in 1920. It was the first to comprehensively express the degree of wetness or dryness of the climate. It is expressed as annual precipitation (mm) divided by annual average temperature (℃), but to calculate the annual average temperature (℃), the average temperature of only the months with an average temperature of 0℃ or higher is added together and divided by 12. The relationship between the precipitation factor and the climate is as follows: 0-20 is desert, 20-40 is semi-desert, 40-60 is steppe or savanna, 60-100 is shrubland, 100-160 is high forest, and 160 or higher is plateau or tundra. Tokyo's annual precipitation is 1466.7 mm and its annual average temperature is 15.9℃, so the precipitation factor is 92.2. The relationship between the rainfall factor and soil is saline soil when it is below 40, and further classified into three categories when it is between 40 and 60 depending on the annual mean temperature: laterite when it is above 20°C, red soil when it is between 14 and 20°C, yellow soil when it is below 14°C, brown soil when it is between 60 and 100, black soil when it is between 100 and 160, and podzol and tundra when it is above 160. Indices in the same series as Lang's rainfall factor include the aridity limit and aridity index of Emmanuel Martonne and Vladimir Köppen, and a more advanced precipitation efficiency (PE index) that takes evaporation into account is Charles Thornthwaite's. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
年降水量と年平均気温の比。リヒアルト・ラングが土壌と気候との間に密接な関係があることに着目,1920年に発表した指数で,気候の乾湿の程度を総合的に表現した最初のもの。年降水量(mm)÷年平均気温(℃)で表されるが,年平均気温(℃)の算定には 0℃以上の月の平均気温だけを合わせて 12で割ったものを用いる。雨量因子と気候との関係は,0~20で砂漠,20~40で半砂漠,40~60でステップかサバナ,60~100で低木林,100~160で高木林,160以上で高原かツンドラとなっている。東京の年降水量は 1466.7mm,年平均気温は 15.9℃であるから,雨量因子は 92.2となる。また雨量因子と土壌との関係は 40以下で塩類土,40~60の場合は年平均気温によってさらに三つに分類され,気温 20℃以上でラテライト,14~20℃で赤色土,14℃以下は黄色土,さらに 60~100で褐色土,100~160で黒色土,160以上はポドゾル,ツンドラとなっている。ラングの雨量因子と同系列の指数には,エマニュエル・マルトンヌやウラジーミル・ケッペンの乾燥限界,乾燥指数があり,さらに進んで蒸発を考慮に入れたものとしてチャールズ・ソーンスウェイトの降水効率(P-E指数)がある。
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