Tojo School - Tojo

A school of classical Chinese that arose in the Qing dynasty in China. It is also called "Dojoha". It is a school that believes in the writing theory advocated by Fang Bao and Liu Dayai in the mid-Qing dynasty and compiled by Yao. It was named after Fang, Liu, and Yao, who were all from Tongcheng County, Anhui Province. Its theory directly inherited the theory of Gui Youguang of the Ming dynasty and is connected to the Eight Schools of Classical Chinese of the Tang and Song dynasties, but it newly advocated the theory of righteousness and law, which emphasized "righteousness" that contains Confucian ideals, and "law" that advocates writing simple and down-to-earth sentences, rejecting slang and beautiful words. It opposed the exegesis of the Sinologists and the rhetoric of the Benbun scholars of the time, and pursued elegance of prose to a strict degree. Yao Yi compiled the 75 volumes of the "Anthology of Classical Literature," a collection of models of classical literature from ancient to modern times, and many other anthologies of classical literature were compiled. This emphasis on elegance and simplicity, combined with its practicality, was welcomed by the people, and it maintained great influence not only in the late Qing but also in the Republic, until it was targeted for overthrow during the literary revolution in the early years of the Republic.

[Sato Tamotsu]

"History of Qing Dynasty Literary Criticism" by Aoki Shoji (1950, Iwanami Shoten / included in "Aoki Shoji Complete Works 1", 1969, Shunjusha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)代におこった古文の流派。「どうじょうは」ともいう。清代中期に方苞(ほうほう)、劉大櫆(りゅうたいかい)が主張し、姚鼐(ようだい)によって集大成された文章理論を信奉する一派。方・劉・姚がみな安徽(あんき)省桐城県の人であるため、この名がついた。その理論は、直接的には明(みん)の帰有光(きゆうこう)の説を継承し、唐宋(とうそう)八家の古文に連なるが、新たに儒教理念を内容とする「義」と、俗語や麗辞を排して質実な文を書くべきだとする「法」とを重視した義法説を唱えた。当時の漢学家の訓詁(くんこ)と駢文(べんぶん)家の修辞に反対して、厳格なまでに文章の典雅さを追求した。姚鼐が『古文辞類纂(こぶんじるいさん)』75巻を編んで古今の古文の模範を集めたほか、数多くの古文の選集が編纂された。この典雅と平淡を尊ぶ主張は実用性とも相まって人々に歓迎され、清末のみならず民国に入っても大きな力を保っていたが、民国初年の文学革命で打倒の対象となった。

［佐藤　保］

『青木正児著『清代文学評論史』（1950・岩波書店／『青木正児全集1』所収・1969・春秋社）』

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