Acetylation - Acetyl (English spelling)

Japanese: アセチル化 - あせちるか(英語表記)acetylation
Acetylation - Acetyl (English spelling)

A type of acylation, generally referring to a reaction in which hydrogen atoms in organic compounds are replaced with acetyl groups. A reaction often used in organic chemistry is the replacement of hydrogen atoms in amino groups -NH2 and hydroxyl groups -OH with acetyl groups CH3CO- . Reaction (1), in which the hydrogen atoms bonded to the nitrogen atoms of primary amines R- NH2 and secondary amines RR'-NH are replaced with acetyl groups, is called N-acetylation, while reaction (2), in which the hydrogen atoms bonded to the oxygen atoms of alcohols R-OH and phenols Ar-OH (Ar is an aromatic group) are replaced with acetyl groups, is called O-acetylation.

R-NH 2 ―→RNHCOCH 3 ……(1)
R-OH―→ROCOCH 3 ……(2)
N-Acetylation is easily achieved with acetic anhydride, while O-Acetylation is usually achieved with acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride.

C-acetylation at a carbon atom is also known, and the reaction of an aromatic compound (ArH) with acetyl chloride in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride gives an aromatic methyl ketone.

Ar-H―→ArCOCH 3 ……(3)
The reagent used for acetylation is called the acetylating agent, and usually acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride is used, but glacial acetic acid, ketene, acetyl bromide, etc. may also be used. For more information on C-acetylation, see the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

[Masahiro Hirota]

[Reference] | Acylation | Friedel-Crafts reaction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アシル化の一種で、一般に有機化合物中の水素原子をアセチル基で置き換える反応をいう。有機化学でよく使われるのは、アミノ基-NH2やヒドロキシ基-OHの水素原子をアセチル基CH3CO-で置換する反応である。第一アミンR-NH2および第二アミンRR'-NHの窒素原子と結合している水素原子をアセチル基で置換する(1)の反応をN-アセチル化とよび、アルコールR-OHおよびフェノールAr-OH(Arは芳香族基)の酸素原子と結合している水素原子をアセチル基で置換する(2)の反応をO-アセチル化とよぶ。

  R-NH2―→RNHCOCH3……(1)
  R-OH―→ROCOCH3……(2)
 N-アセチル化は無水酢酸を作用させると容易に進行する。O-アセチル化は、塩化アセチルまたは無水酢酸を用いて行うのが普通である。

 炭素原子上へのC-アセチル化も知られていて、塩化アルミニウムなどのルイス酸触媒の存在下で芳香族化合物(ArH)に塩化アセチルを反応させると芳香族メチルケトンが得られる。

  Ar-H―→ArCOCH3……(3)
 アセチル化に用いる試薬をアセチル化剤といい、普通、塩化アセチル、無水酢酸が使われるが、ほかに氷酢酸、ケテン、臭化アセチルなどを用いることもある。なお、C-アセチル化については、「フリーデル‐クラフツ反応」の項を参照されたい。

[廣田 穰]

[参照項目] | アシル化 | フリーデル‐クラフツ反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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