It is one of the coals with the lowest degree of coalification, and the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) stipulate that it has a calorific value of 5,800 to 7,300 kcal per kilogram based on pure coal, and is a non-caking coal. Its carbon content is around 70 to 78%, it is brown in appearance, contains a large amount of moisture, and is prone to cracking and powdering when air-dried, and is also prone to spontaneous combustion. Before World War II, Germany extracted it with benzene-alcohol to obtain montan wax (hard wax), which was used in a variety of ways, including as a polishing agent. Its high reactivity also led to its use as a raw material for coal liquefaction and gasification. Well-known producers include Germany, Australia, and Indonesia, but currently it is only produced locally on a small scale due to issues such as spontaneous combustion. Up until now, priority has been given to high-quality bituminous coal, such as general coal with a high calorific value and coking coal with high caking properties, but as bituminous coal becomes increasingly scarce, it will be essential to develop new utilization technologies, such as gasifying and reforming lignite to make it easier to use, and large-scale industrial utilization is a future challenge. [Ouchi's Earl, Toshihiro Aramaki] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
もっとも石炭化度の低い石炭の一つで、日本工業規格(JIS(ジス))では発熱量が純炭基準で1キログラム当り5800~7300キロカロリー、粘結性を有しない石炭と規定している。炭素含有量は70~78%程度、外見は褐色で水分を多量に含有しており、風乾により容易にひび割れが生じ粉化しやすく、また自然発火をおこしやすい。第二次世界大戦前ドイツではこれをベンゼン‐アルコールで抽出してモンタンワックス(硬ろう)をとり、艶(つや)出し材その他、多方面に利用していた。また反応性が高いため石炭液化原料やガス化原料として用いられた。 生産地としてはドイツ、オーストラリア、インドネシアなどが有名であるが、現状は自然発火性などの問題から小規模に地産地消されている段階である。これまでは発熱量が高い一般炭や粘結性の高い原料炭など良質な瀝青炭(れきせいたん)が優先的に使用されてきたが、今後、瀝青炭の枯渇化が進むなかでは褐炭をガス化したり改質したりして使いやすくするなどの新たな利用技術開発が不可欠であり、大規模な工業的利用は今後の課題である。 [大内公耳・荒牧寿弘] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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