Indian calendar - indoreki

Japanese: インド暦 - いんどれき
Indian calendar - indoreki

A calendar used in India. It is said that there are as many as 30 different types of calendars in use today across India, but all of them are lunisolar calendars. The ecliptic is divided into 12 equal parts to create 12 zodiacs, and the length of a solar month is the time it takes for the sun to enter one zodiac sign and then enter the next, but the speed of the sun's movement is not uniform, and the length of a solar month varies on average by 30.44 days. A day begins at sunrise, a year at the vernal equinox, and a solar month when the sun enters each zodiac sign. On the other hand, if you count the days according to the waxing and waning of the moon, this is a lunar month (syzygy). In India, a lunar month is divided into two parts, and the period from the new moon to the full moon is called the white moon, and the period from the full moon to the new moon is called the black moon. There are two types of calendar months: those that start with the white moon and those that start with the black moon. The average number of days in a lunar month is 29.53 days, but there are times during this period when there is no day of entry into the zodiac sign, which is the beginning of a solar month. This lunar month is called a leap month. Also, there may be two entering days in one lunar month, in which case the next lunar month is skipped. In this way, the Indian calendar counts days by the waxing and waning of the moon and adjusts the seasons by incorporating the movement of the sun, but this is combined with various other conditions, and there are about 20 different ways of counting years, i.e., different eras, which has resulted in the creation of many different calendars. In 1952, a calendar reform committee was established in India to unify the calendar into one, and as a result of this decision, it was decided to follow the Shakya Era, which set March 22, 1957 as the 1st day of Chaitra month in the year 1879 of the Shakya Era.

[Toshio Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドで行われる暦。現在使用されているものはインド各地に30種にも達するといわれるが、いずれも太陰太陽暦である。黄道を12等分して12宮を設け、太陽が一つの宮に入り、隣の宮に入るまでを太陽月の長さとするが、太陽の運行の速さは一様でなく、太陽月の長さは平均30.44日を前後する。日は日の出から、年は春分から、太陽月は太陽が各宮に入るときから始まる。一方、月の満ち欠けによって日を数えると、これは太陰月(朔望(さくぼう)月)である。インドでは1太陰月を2部分に分け、朔から望までを白月、望から朔までを黒月と名づける。暦月には白月から始まるものと黒月から始まるものの2種類がある。1太陰月の平均日数は29.53日であるが、この日数の間に、太陽月の始まりである入宮日が1回もないことが生じる。この太陰月を閏(うるう)月とする。また1太陰月に2回の入宮日があることがあり、この場合はその次にくる太陰月を一つ飛ばしてしまう。このように月の満ち欠けで日を数え、太陽の運行を取り入れて季節を調節していくのがインドの暦法であるが、これにさまざまな条件が組み合わされたり、また年数の数え方、すなわち紀元の種類も20種ほどあるために、多種の暦が生まれる。1952年、インドでは一つの暦に統一するため改暦委員会が設けられ、その決定により、1957年3月22日を釈迦(しゃか)紀元1879年カイトラ月1日とする釈迦紀元に従うことになった。

[渡辺敏夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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