Meteorite crater

Japanese: 隕石孔 - いんせきこう(英語表記)meteorite crater
Meteorite crater
A concave hole formed when a large meteorite impacts a planetary surface. Its outer shape is generally almost perfectly circular, and a pile of soil and sand can be seen rising from inside the hole around the hole. Meteorite craters vary in diameter from a few micrometers to over several hundred kilometers, and some of the larger ones have a protuberance in the center. It is difficult to distinguish between meteorite craters and volcanic craters by topography alone. As evidence of a meteorite crater, the high temperature and high pressure caused by the meteorite impact have been used to transform rocks and minerals. For example, the famous meteorite crater in Arizona, USA, has been found to be a meteorite crater, as coesite and stishovite, which can only be formed under high pressure, have been found. Many meteorite craters are found not only on Earth, but also on other planets and moons, such as the Moon, Mars, and Mercury. However, since the term meteorite crater specifies the origin of the concave hole, it is often called a crater in Japanese when the origin is not specified. Many of the craters on the Moon and other celestial bodies are now widely believed to be meteorite craters.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
大きな隕石が惑星表面に衝突したために生じる凹状の孔。外形は一般にほぼ完全な円形をしており,孔の周囲には,孔の内部からの土砂の盛上がりがみられる。隕石孔の直径は,μm 程度のものから,数百 km 以上になるものまでいろいろあり,大きなものは中央に隆起がみられるものもある。隕石孔と火山の火口とは地形だけで判別するのはむずかしい。隕石孔の証拠としては,隕石の衝突で生じた高温・高圧によって岩石や鉱物が変成されたものが使われる。たとえば有名なアメリカ,アリゾナ州の隕石孔からは高圧下でなくては形成されることのないコーサイトやスティショフ石が発見されたことから,これが隕石孔であることが明瞭に示された。地球のみならず,月や火星,水星など他の惑星や衛星にも多くの隕石孔がみられる。ただし隕石孔というと凹状孔の起源を指定してしまうので,起源をはっきりさせないで使う場合には日本語でもクレータと称することが多い。月のクレータやその他の天体のクレータの多くは,現在では隕石孔であると広く信じられている。

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