It refers to the arrangement of annual and biennial flowers, perennial flowers, bulbous flowers, other decorative flowers, woody plants, and flowering trees according to a certain design in order to decorate a garden. In a broader sense, it also includes wild plants. Therefore, when people think of flower beds, they tend to think of only beds made of finished materials, but depending on the size, they may also be grown from seedlings or young seedlings. When creating a flower bed in a garden or indoors, the design must take into full consideration landscaping conditions, such as the types of trees, undergrowth, grass and ground cover plants present in the location and environment; the shape, colour, size and design of the pond, paving stones and stonework; on which side of the building it will be located; whether it will be Japanese or Western style; and the terrain. [Yukio Kawakami] historyIt is generally believed that the beginning of flower beds was when ornamental plants such as peonies, Chinese peonies, and chrysanthemums were planted in raised flower beds on flat land close to houses. One example that comes to mind is the peonies in the Korakuen Garden in Okayama, which was created in the Edo period. Its origins go back even further, to the vases and senzai of the Heian period. A vases refers to the area of a garden, and the Hagitsubo vases of the Kyoto Imperial Palace are still representative examples. A senzai refers to the flowers and shrubs planted in a garden, and its origins are said to date back to the time of Emperor Saga (reigned 809-823). A senzai competition, an ancient event held in China to see which flowers were the best, was first held in Japan in 901 (Engi 1). At first, autumn wildflowers were planted, and gradually spring and summer flowers were added. The word "flower bed" was first used in the gardening book "Flower Bed Guide," published during the Kanbun era (1661-1673) in the Edo period. The origins of flower beds in foreign countries are even older than in Japan, and they were born in fairly ornate forms as a way to decorate gardens along with the development of Western gardens. When the concept of a flower bed was first introduced into society, the carpet bed and flower border forms had already been established in the West. These have continued to develop in various forms up to the present day. The felt flower beds seen in the French gardens of the Versailles Palace under the Louis Dynasty in France are still imitated all over the world today. Many modern flower beds use as simple lines as possible, and simple shapes are used to consider the positioning and composition within the garden. There is also a growing tendency to pursue beauty in amorphous rather than fixed forms, and there is a strong aim to apply this to small, narrow spaces. In order to make effective use of space, three-dimensional structures using boxes, poles, arches, fences, trellises, pergolas (lattice-like tunnels), etc. are becoming more and more popular due to the development and advancement of climbing plants. [Yukio Kawakami] Type, design and borderBroadly speaking, they can be divided into flat flower beds (dwarf flower beds) and tall flower beds (tall flower beds). [Yukio Kawakami] Flat flower bedA flower bed with dwarf flowers and woody plants planted in a planar design. There is no problem if the height varies slightly. A flower bed with a uniform height and pattern, like a mosaic, is called a felt flower bed, and a narrow, strip-like flower bed along a path is called a border flower bed or ribbon flower bed. [Yukio Kawakami] Three-dimensional flower bedA flower bed with relatively tall plants. It is a flower bed that utilizes the space three-dimensionally without any problem even if the plants are of different heights. There are border flower beds along buildings or roads, flower beds in lawns or in front of entrances where tall plants are planted in the center so that they can be seen from all sides, and flower beds on three-dimensional surfaces such as building walls, fences, trellises, poles, and arches, as well as flower beds in overlapping spaces between indoors and outdoors, such as verandas, balconies, terraces, windowsills, and sunrooms. Next, let's look at some types in practical applications. (1) By hobby: Japanese, Western, or eclectic. (2) By use: ornamental, for cut flowers, for vegetables, for shady areas, for use on slopes, etc. (3) By plant type: annual and biennial flowers, perennial flowers, bulbous flowers, and ornamental plants. (4) Ecology: mountain, coastal, wetland, dryland, aquatic, alkaline soil, etc. (5) By season: spring, summer, autumn, winter. (6) By location: Home, school, factory, in front of station, hospital, rooftop, plaza, under bridge, indoors, under window, etc. (7) By specific flowers and plants: tulips, peonies, dahlias, chrysanthemums, irises, pansies, azaleas, wildflowers, cacti, etc. (8) Special flower beds: clock flower beds, flower pots, daily calendar flower beds, etc. Daily calendars use flowers to show the days of the month. There are an infinite number of flower bed designs, but they must be suitable for modern architecture, including modern homes. In a Japanese-style garden with many natural curves, it is good to plant chrysanthemums, begonias, columbines, ash, lilies, and daylilies in a way that blends in with the irregular environment. The edging materials include plant materials such as boxwood, ribbon grass, sedge, lonicera, and boxwood, and dead materials include blocks, bricks, Oya stone, iron flat stone, slate, and logs. [Yukio Kawakami] Flowerbed plantsThe colours of flowers and plants are mainly determined by their petals, but the colours of the leaves, buds, sepals, stems and branches also vary, mainly green, and play an important role as a whole. In terms of the colours of the petals, a colour scheme such as yellow and red or blue and orange is better than colours that are similar to each other, such as yellow and orange, and white stands out even more. It is also important to contrast and harmonise with the colours of buildings, structures and facilities. In terms of seasonal colours, it is good to think of red, orange and pink in spring, blue, purple and white in summer, orange, yellow and red in autumn, and a ratio of two parts red to one part white in winter. It is important to contrast not only the colours but also the volume of the flowers and leaves. The flowering time and period are also important conditions when selecting flowers. If you leave them blank for even a month, it will look lonely. It works well if you do not gather too many different kinds of flowers in a small space, but limit them to the bare minimum. The individual flowers used in a flower bed are not so important, as the beauty of the whole group is what is important, so in order to create a spectacular sight, it is important to emphasize the combination of the environment as a whole. [Yukio Kawakami] Management PlanFlower bed management should be based on a long-term ornamental plan that takes into account cultivation, fertilization, top pinching, flower removal, pruning, pest control, replanting, and raising seedlings. Make a yearly and monthly work plan, and set weekly work goals while keeping an eye on the expected flowering period table. The main issues are planting intervals and incorporating previous and next crops, and it is important to understand the spread rate of each type and variety. This requires attention as it varies depending on the soil type. Since the horizontal spread and growth height are not necessarily uniform, you can adjust them by fertilizing and pruning, or you can go ahead and replant them. It is important to carefully study the characteristics of the variety and choose the type of subsequent crop. For example, normal pansies tend to bloom in spring, but small-flowered varieties bloom for a long time even in May and June, so you can continue to enjoy them by planting small seedlings of small-flowered varieties in between the normal varieties in spring. You can also plant bulb gladioli. Furthermore, by incorporating perennial plants, replanting becomes much easier and the seasonal changes are created. It is also a good idea to include in your plan the creation of spare seedlings in a separate planter or something to use when changing over to replanting. [Yukio Kawakami] "Green Design" by Yukio Kawakami (1979, Ariake Shobo) "Flower Bed Making and Floriculture" by Isao Yasuda (1976, Yokendou) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
庭園を装飾するために一、二年生草花、宿根草花、球根草花、そのほかの装飾草花、木本類、花木類などをある意匠のもとに配植したものをいう。広い意味では野草なども入る。したがって、一般には花壇というとできあがった材料を植え込んだ毛氈(もうせん)花壇だけを考えがちであるが、規模によっては実生(みしょう)や稚苗から育てる場合もある。 庭園や室内に花壇をつくる場合には、その場所ならびに環境にどのような樹木、下草、芝、地被植物があるか、池や敷石、石組みなどの形、色、大きさ、デザインがどういう状態であるか、建物のどちら側に位置するか、和風か洋風か、地形はどうなっているかなど、造園上の条件を十分に考慮してデザインしなければならない。 [川上幸男] 歴史一般には、住居に接近した平地に一段高く花床を設けて、ボタン、シャクヤク、キクなど観賞植物を植えたのが、花壇の始まりと考えられる。江戸時代作庭の岡山後楽園のボタンの花床などが想像される一つである。その起源はさらに古く、平安時代の壺(つぼ)や前栽(せんざい)などにさかのぼることができる。壺は坪のことで庭をさしたが、いまでも京都御所の萩壺(はぎつぼ)などは代表的なものといえよう。前栽は庭園内に植えられた草花や低木類のことで、その起源は嵯峨(さが)天皇(在位809~823)のころではないかといわれている。前栽合(あわせ)という催しは古くから中国で行われていた草花の優劣を競うもので、わが国では901年(延喜1)に最初に催されたという。初めのうちは秋の野草などが植えられ、しだいに春や夏の草花も加えられた。なお、花壇ということばは江戸時代、寛文(かんぶん)年間(1661~73)に出た園芸書『花壇綱目』に初めて使われた。 外国での花壇の発祥は日本よりもさらに古く、西洋庭園の発展とともに庭を装飾する意味でかなり華美な形で生まれたものである。花壇という概念が社会に生まれたときには、すでに西洋では毛氈花壇(カーペット・ベッド)と境栽花壇(フラワー・ボーダー)の形式ができていた。それが現代に至るまでいろいろな形で発展してきている。 フランスのルイ王朝のベルサイユ宮殿の庭のフランス式庭園にみられるような毛氈花壇などは、現在でも世界各地で模倣されている。現代の花壇はなるべくシンプルな線を使い、単純な図形で庭の中の位置づけや構成を考えたものが多く、また、定形的なものではなく無定形のなかに美を追求しようという傾向が強くなりつつあり、狭いわずかの空間にも応用していこうというねらいが強い。空間を有効に使おうということで、ボックス、ポール、アーチ、フェンス、トレリス(格子垣)、パーゴラ(格子状のトンネル)などを使った立体化はつる植物の開発進展によっていっそう盛んになりつつある。 [川上幸男] 種類・デザイン・縁どり大別すると平面花壇(ドワーフ・フラワー・ベッド)と立体花壇(トール・フラワー・ベッド)とに分けられる。 [川上幸男] 平面花壇矮性(わいせい)の草花、木本材料を植え、平面図案をみるような形の花壇。多少の高低があっても差し支えない。モザイク模様のように模様式に高さをそろえて低くできている花壇を毛氈花壇といい、道に沿って帯状に細くつくったものを縁どり花壇、またはリボン花壇という。 [川上幸男] 立体花壇比較的草丈の高いものを植えた花壇。高低があっても差し支えなく、立体的に空間を活用している花壇である。建物とか道に沿ってできている境栽花壇、芝生内・玄関前など四方から眺められるように中心に従って高いものを植えていく寄植え花壇と、建物の壁面、フェンス、トレリス、ポール、アーチなどの立体面、それにベランダ、バルコニー、テラス、窓辺、サンルームなど室内と屋外との重なり合ったスペースでの花壇とがある。 次に応用的に種類をあげてみよう。 (1)趣味別 和風、洋風、折衷式。 (2)用途別 観賞本位、切り花向き、野菜、日陰利用、斜面利用など。 (3)植物別 一~二年生草花、宿根草花、球根草花、観葉植物。 (4)生態別 山地、海浜、湿生、乾生、水生、アルカリ土など。 (5)四季別 春、夏、秋、冬。 (6)場所別 家庭、学校、工場、駅前、病院、屋上、広場、橋のたもと、室内、窓下など。 (7)特定の草花別 チューリップ、シャクヤク、ダリア、キク、ハナショウブ、パンジー、ツツジ、山野草、サボテンなど。 (8)特殊花壇 時計花壇、花鉢、日めくり花壇など。日めくり(カレンダー)は花を使って月日を日々表すもの。 花壇のデザインは無限にあるが、現代住宅をはじめとして現代建築に相応するデザインでなければならない。自然曲線の多い和風の庭の中では不整形の環境に調和した形で、キク、シュウカイドウ、オダマキ、シオン、シラン、ヘメロカリスなどを植えていくとよい。 縁どりは植物材料として、クサツゲ、リボングラス、ハクチョウゲ、ロニセラ、ボックスウッドなどがあり、死物材料としてブロック、れんが、大谷石、鉄平石、スレート、丸太などがある。 [川上幸男] 花壇用草花草花の色は花弁などが主であるが、葉、つぼみ、萼(がく)、茎、枝などの色合いも緑を中心として変化があり、全体として大きな役割を果たしている。花弁の色でいうと、黄とオレンジのように互いに近似した色を配するよりも、黄と赤、青とオレンジのような配色がよく、白が入るとなお引き立つし、建物、工作物、施設の色との対比、調和もたいせつである。季節のカラーとしては、春は紅、オレンジ、ピンク、夏は青、紫、白、秋はオレンジ、黄、赤、冬は赤2に白1の割合などで考えるとよくまとまる。色ばかりでなく花や葉のもっている量感を対比させることもたいせつである。 花の咲く時期、期間なども草花を選ぶときのだいじな条件である。1か月でも空白にすると寂しいものになる。狭いスペースにはいろいろな種類を過剰に集めないで、なるべく必要最小限の種類に限定しておくとうまくいく。花壇に使う花は一つ一つはあまり問題ではなく、全体として集合美をとらえるわけであるから、見ごたえのあるものにするには環境全体としての組合せを重視する。 [川上幸男] 管理計画花壇の管理は、中耕、施肥、摘芯(てきしん)、摘花、整枝、病虫害防除、植え替え、育苗などを考慮して長期にわたる観賞計画を目標としたものにする必要がある。 年間、月間の予定作業計画をたて、予想開花期表とにらみあわせて週間の作業実施目標をたてる。基本的に問題になるのは植え付け間隔と前後作の組み込みで、種類、品種間による広がり率を把握することがたいせつであろう。これは土質によっても差異が出るので注意を要する。横の広がりと生育高とがかならずしも均一にならないので、施肥、整枝によって調節するか、思いきって植え替えをする。品種の特性をよく調べて後作の種類を選ぶことがたいせつである。たとえばパンジーは普通種は春咲きが多いが、小輪は5、6月でも長く咲くので、普通種が咲いている春のころに小輪種の小苗を間に植えておくと引き続き観賞できる。球根のグラジオラスを植え込んでもよい。さらに宿根草を組み入れると、植え替えはずっと楽になり、四季の変化も生まれてくる。別途にプランターなどで予備苗をつくり、植え替え転換期に活用することも計画に盛り込むとよい。 [川上幸男] 『川上幸男著『緑の設計』(1979・有明書房)』▽『安田勲著『花壇作りと花卉栽培』(1976・養賢堂)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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