Acceleration principle

Japanese: 加速度原理 - かそくどげんり(英語表記)acceleration principle
Acceleration principle

One of the investment functions that shows what factors govern investment and how it is determined. The acceleration principle was systematized in 1917 by J.M. Clark to explain why the capital goods industry is more volatile than the consumer goods industry during the business cycle. Later, in combination with multiplier theory, it was theoretically developed by Harrod, Samuelson, Hicks and others as an analytical tool to explain why business cycles occur.

If there is an increase in income ΔY from the previous period to the current period, the relationship with investment I for the current period is expressed as I = v ΔY . Here, the positive constant v is called the acceleration coefficient. Behind the acceleration principle is the assumed relationship between capital equipment K and income (or production volume) Y , K = vY . This is because investment is nothing but an increase in capital equipment. The acceleration coefficient v is the capital coefficient K / Y .

The acceleration principle has been criticized for being invalid because, when excess capacity exists, new investment is not necessary even if income increases. In response to this, the nonlinear acceleration factor proposed by R.M. Goodwin is well-known as a modification of the acceleration principle. By incorporating the idea of ​​a nonlinear acceleration factor, which states that the value of the acceleration factor will increase and decrease over the course of the business cycle, the acceleration principle can be generalized to I = f ( ΔY ) ( f is a monotonically increasing function) .

However, the acceleration principle is said to be insufficient in explaining real-world investments, for example, because it does not take into account the aspect of investment financing. Various modifications have been considered, but no consensus has yet been reached.

[Toshiyuki Uchijima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

投資がどのような要因によって支配され、どのような形で決定されるかを示す投資関数の一つ。加速度原理は、景気循環の過程において消費財産業よりも資本財産業のほうが変動的であることを説明するために、J・M・クラークにより1917年に体系化され、その後、乗数理論と組み合わせて、景気循環がなぜおこるのかを説明する分析道具として、ハロッド、サミュエルソン、ヒックスらにより理論的発展をみた。

 いま前期から今期にかけての所得増加ΔYがあったとき、今期の投資Iとの関係は、IvΔYによって示される。ここで正の定数vは加速度係数とよばれる。加速度原理の背後には、資本設備Kと所得(あるいは生産量)Yとの間に、KvYという関係が想定されている。投資は資本設備の増加にほかならないからである。加速度係数vは資本係数K/Yである。

 加速度原理に対しては、過剰設備が存在している場合には、所得の増加があっても新投資を必要としないから妥当しないという批判があった。これに対する加速度原理の修正としてはR・M・グッドウィンによる非線形加速度係数が有名である。景気循環の過程において、加速度係数の値が大きくなったり小さくなったりするであろうという非線形加速度係数の考え方を取り入れると、加速度原理はIf(ΔY)(fは単調増加関数)と一般化される。

 しかしなお、加速度原理には投資資金調達の側面からの考慮がなされていないなど、現実の投資を説明するには不十分な点があるとされ、各種の修正が考えられているが、まだ定説をみるに至っていない。

[内島敏之]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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